{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:48:32Z","timestamp":1791895712433,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"Honeywell Federal Manufacturing &amp; Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-NA-0002893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-NA-0002893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional force plates are important tools for biomechanics discovery and sports performance practice. However, currently, available 3D force plates lack portability and are often cost-prohibitive. To address this, a recently discovered 3D force sensor technology was used in the fabrication of a prototype force plate. Thirteen participants performed bodyweight and weighted lunges and squats on the prototype force plate and a standard 3D force plate positioned in series to compare forces measured by both force plates and validate the technology. For the lunges, there was excellent agreement between the experimental force plate and the standard force plate in the X-, Y-, and Z-axes (r = 0.950\u20130.999, p &lt; 0.001). For the squats, there was excellent agreement between the force plates in the Z-axis (r = 0.996, p &lt; 0.001). Across axes and movements, root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 1.17% to 5.36% between force plates. Although the current prototype force plate is limited in sampling rate, the low RMSEs and extremely high agreement in peak forces provide confidence the novel force sensors have utility in constructing cost-effective and versatile use-case 3D force plates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T01:36:27Z","timestamp":1682991387000},"page":"4437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Novel 3D Force Sensors for a Cost-Effective 3D Force Plate for Biomechanical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Axioforce LLC, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrije","family":"Cabarkapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axioforce LLC, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance L.","family":"Frazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tylan N.","family":"Templin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis D.","family":"Eliason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel K.","family":"Garretson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8171-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory J.","family":"Berkland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axioforce LLC, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000375","article-title":"Understanding the Key Phases of the Countermovement Jump Force-Time Curve","volume":"40","author":"McMahon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strength Cond. 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