{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T13:54:05Z","timestamp":1769003645029,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Know Labs, Inc.","award":["2020-260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-260"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With rising healthcare costs and the rapid increase in remote physiologic monitoring and care delivery, there is an increasing need for economical, accurate, and non-invasive continuous measures of blood analytes. Based on radio frequency identification (RFID), a novel electromagnetic technology (the Bio-RFID sensor) was developed to non-invasively penetrate inanimate surfaces, capture data from individual radio frequencies, and convert those data into physiologically meaningful information and insights. Here, we describe groundbreaking proof-of-principle studies using Bio-RFID to accurately measure various concentrations of analytes in deionized water. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that the Bio-RFID sensor is able to precisely and non-invasively measure and identify a variety of analytes in vitro. For this assessment, varying solutions of (1) water in isopropyl alcohol; (2) salt in water, and (3) commercial bleach in water were tested, using a randomized double-blind trial design, as proxies for biochemical solutions in general. The Bio-RFID technology was able to detect concentrations of 2000 parts per million (ppm), with evidence suggesting the ability to detect considerably smaller concentration differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T01:58:06Z","timestamp":1684288686000},"page":"4817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Detecting Unique Analyte-Specific Radio Frequency Spectral Responses in Liquid Solutions\u2014Implications for Non-Invasive Physiologic Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dominic","family":"Klyve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James H.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Know Labs Inc., Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Lorentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virend K.","family":"Somers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30024-2","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"Barnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"von Hippel, A.R. (1952). Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010118609079","article-title":"Industrial Microwave Sensors\u2014A Review","volume":"1","author":"Nyfors","year":"2000","journal-title":"Subsurf. Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.108993","article-title":"Detection of methanol contamination in ethyl alcohol employing a purpose-designed high-sensitivity microwave sensor","volume":"174","author":"Piekarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2020.3012388","article-title":"A Temperature-Compensated High-Resolution Microwave Sensor Using Artificial Neural Network","volume":"30","author":"Kazemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. 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Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.04.046","article-title":"A comparative assessment of microwave-based methods for moisture content characterization in stone materials","volume":"114","author":"Piuzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11220-017-0162-y","article-title":"A Proof of Concept Study on Utilising a Non-invasive Microwave Analysis Technique to Characterise Silver Based Materials in Aqueous Solution","volume":"18","author":"Ateeq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Klyve, D., Shelton, B., Lowe, S., Ward, C., Schwarz, D., and Kent, S. (2023, May 14). Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring: A Validation of a Novel Sensor Compared to a Dexcom G6\u00ae. IEEE Sens. J. submitted. Technical Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.knowlabs.co\/research-and-validation."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Joe, E. (2023, March 15). Understanding Contamination in Metalworking Fluids. Metalworking Fluid Magazine. Available online: https:\/\/mwfmag.com\/?q=content\/contamination-part-4."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:36:30Z","timestamp":1760124990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23104817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23104817","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]}}}