{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:59:49Z","timestamp":1793739589464,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Duisburg-Essen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to force-plates, pressure-detecting insoles have the advantage that vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) can be estimated under field rather than laboratory conditions. However, the question arises whether insoles also provide valid and reliable results compared to a force-plate (i.e., the gold standard). The study aimed to investigate the concurrent validity and test\u2013retest reliability of pressure-detecting insoles during static and dynamic movements. Twenty-two healthy young adults (12 females) performed standing, walking, running, and jumping movements while simultaneously collecting pressure (GP MobilData WiFi, GeBioM mbH, M\u00fcnster, Germany) and force (Kistler\u00ae) data twice, 10 days apart. Concerning validity, ICC values showed excellent agreement (ICC &gt; 0.75), irrespective of the test condition. Further, the insoles underestimated (mean bias: \u22124.41 to \u221237.15%) most of the vGRF variables. Concerning reliability, ICC values for nearly all test conditions also showed excellent agreement, and the SEM was rather low. Lastly, most of the MDC95% values were low (\u22645%). The predominantly excellent ICC values for between-devices (i.e., concurrent validity) and between-visits (i.e., test\u2013retest reliability) comparisons suggest that the tested pressure-detecting insoles can be used under field-based conditions for a valid and reliable estimation of relevant vGRF variables during standing, walking, running, and jumping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T10:08:55Z","timestamp":1684490935000},"page":"4913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Concurrent Validity and Test\u2013Retest Reliability of Pressure-Detecting Insoles for Static and Dynamic Movements in Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2074-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Lambrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Movement and Training Sciences\/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Movement and Training Sciences\/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"Schwiertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Movement and Training Sciences\/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7774-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Muehlbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Movement and Training Sciences\/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09615-1","article-title":"Step by step guide to understanding the kinetic chain concept in the overhead athlete","volume":"13","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bartlett, R. (2014). Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement Patterns, Taylor and Francis, An Imprint of Routledge. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Lower-limb activity during the power serve in tennis: Effects of performance level","volume":"37","author":"Girard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-140877","article-title":"Biomechanical study of plantar pressures during walking in male soccer players with increased vs. normal hip alpha angles","volume":"23","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.01.015","article-title":"Changes in plantar pressure and spatiotemporal parameters during gait in older adults after two different training programs","volume":"77","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.5.3.384","article-title":"Effects of the playing surface on plantar pressures during the first serve in tennis","volume":"5","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8082967","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8082967","article-title":"Assessment of long-term badminton experience on foot posture index and plantar pressure distribution","volume":"2019","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2016.10.001","article-title":"Plantar pressure asymmetry and risk of stress injuries in the foot of young soccer players","volume":"24","author":"Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/tsm2.253","article-title":"Plantar pressure analysis: Identifying risk of foot and ankle injury in soccer players","volume":"4","author":"Begon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7547\/16-123","article-title":"In-Shoe plantar pressure profiles in amateur basketball players implications for footwear recommendations and orthosis use","volume":"108","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9884","DOI":"10.3390\/s120709884","article-title":"Foot plantar pressure measurement system: A review","volume":"12","author":"Razak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"95","article-title":"A comparison of two in-shoe plantar pressure measurement systems","volume":"2","author":"McPoil","year":"1995","journal-title":"Low. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brinckmann, P., Frobin, W., and Leivseth, G. (2000). Orthopaedic Biomechanic, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.5.735","article-title":"Interpreting change scores of tests and measures used in physical therapy","volume":"86","author":"Haley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.01.026","article-title":"Validity and repeatability of three in-shoe pressure measurement systems","volume":"46","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cramer, L.A., Wimmer, M.A., Malloy, P., O\u2019Keefe, J.A., Knowlton, C.B., and Ferrigno, C. (2022). Validity and reliability of the insole3 instrumented shoe insole for ground reaction force measurement during walking and running. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062203"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.05.008","article-title":"Accuracy and repeatability of the Pedar Mobile system in long-term vertical force measurements","volume":"23","author":"Hurkmans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renner, K.E., Williams, D.S.B., and Queen, R.M. (2019). The Reliability and validity of the Loadsol\u00ae under various walking and running conditions. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020265"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.10.028","article-title":"Validity of the Pedar Mobile system for vertical force measurement during a seven-hour period","volume":"39","author":"Hurkmans","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1161205","article-title":"Validation of Moticon\u2019s OpenGo sensor insoles during gait, jumps, balance and cross-country skiing specific imitation movements","volume":"35","author":"Martiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthtr.2013.07.017","article-title":"Diagnostic of footwork characteristics and running speed demands in tennis on different ground surfaces","volume":"29","author":"Ferrauti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Fleiss, J.L. (2010). The Design and Analysis of Clinical Experiments, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"369","article-title":"Sensor insole for measuring temporal variables and vertical force during sprinting","volume":"232","author":"Nagahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sport. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(94)90112-0","article-title":"Comparison between the force values measured with the Pedar system and Kistler platform","volume":"2","author":"Kalpen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079601700404","article-title":"Reliability of an in-shoe pressure measurement system during treadmill walking","volume":"17","author":"Kernozek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20180633","article-title":"Altering cadence or vertical oscillation during running: Effects on running related injury factors","volume":"13","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Phys. Ther."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4913\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:38:41Z","timestamp":1760125121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23104913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23104913","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}}}