{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:08:10Z","timestamp":1787029690094,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61873063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61873063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate recognition of disabled persons\u2019 behavioral intentions is the key to reconstructing hand function. Their intentions can be understood to some extent by electromyography (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and arm movements, but they are not reliable enough to be generally accepted. In this paper, characteristics of foot contact force signals are investigated, and a method of expressing grasping intentions based on hallux (big toe) touch sense is proposed. First, force signals acquisition methods and devices are investigated and designed. By analyzing characteristics of signals in different areas of the foot, the hallux is selected. The peak number and other characteristic parameters are used to characterize signals, which can significantly express grasping intentions. Second, considering complex and fine tasks of the assistive hand, a posture control method is proposed. Based on this, many human-in-the-loop experiments are conducted using human\u2013computer interaction methods. The results showed that people with hand disabilities could accurately express their grasping intentions through their toes, and could accurately grasp objects of different sizes, shapes, and hardness using their feet. The accuracy of the action completion for single-handed and double-handed disabled individuals was 99% and 98%, respectively. This proves that the method of using toe tactile sensation for assisting disabled individuals in hand control can help them complete daily fine motor activities. The method is easily acceptable in terms of reliability, unobtrusiveness, and aesthetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1685672208000},"page":"5277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Application of Foot Hallux Contact Force Signal for Assistive Hand Fine Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7335-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yucheng","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089730","article-title":"Twenty-year trends in the prevalence of disability in China","volume":"89","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. 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