{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:15:00Z","timestamp":1792790100388,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Program Smart Growth","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0837\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0837\/17"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Program Smart Growth","award":["0612\/SBAD\/3606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0612\/SBAD\/3606"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Education and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0837\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0837\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Education and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0612\/SBAD\/3606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0612\/SBAD\/3606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The invention of inertial measurement units allowed the construction of sensors suitable for human motion tracking that are more affordable than expensive optical motion capture systems, but there are a few factors influencing their accuracy, such as the calibration methods and the fusion algorithms used to translate sensor readings into angles. The main purpose of this study was to test the accuracy of a single RSQ Motion sensor in comparison to a highly precise industrial robot. The secondary objectives were to test how the type of sensor calibration affects its accuracy and whether the time and magnitude of the tested angle have an impact on the sensor\u2019s accuracy. We performed sensor tests for nine repetitions of nine static angles made by the robot arm in eleven series. The chosen robot movements mimicked shoulder movements in a range of motion test (flexion, abduction, and rotation). The RSQ Motion sensor appeared to be very accurate, with a root-mean-square error below 0.15\u00b0. Furthermore, we found a moderate-to-strong correlation between the sensor error and the magnitude of the measured angle but only for the sensor calibrated with the gyroscope and accelerometer readings. Although the high accuracy of the RSQ Motion sensors was demonstrated in this paper, they require further study on human subjects and comparisons to the other devices known as the gold standards in orthopedics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:57:30Z","timestamp":1686020250000},"page":"5364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Shoulder Range of Motion Measurement Using Inertial Measurement Unit\u2014Validation with a Robot Arm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0409-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Bia\u0142ecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehasport Clinic, Gorecka 30, 60-201 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Gruszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSQ Technologies Company, 27 Grudnia 3, 61-737 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Cisowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehasport Clinic, Gorecka 30, 60-201 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Kaszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehasport Clinic, Gorecka 30, 60-201 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3539-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezary","family":"Baka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehasport Clinic, Gorecka 30, 60-201 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Lubiatowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehasport Clinic, Gorecka 30, 60-201 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956, No. 135\/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-3-6","article-title":"The evolution of methods for the capture of human movement leading to markerless motion capture for biomechanical applications","volume":"3","author":"Corazza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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