{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:57:29Z","timestamp":1792461449737,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/37\/N\/ST7\/04046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/N\/ST7\/04046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a novel broadband permittivity characterization method for liquids measured in a semi-open vertically oriented test cell with an uncalibrated vector network analyzer. For this goal, we utilize three scattering matrices measured at different levels of liquid in the cell. With mathematical operations, we remove the effects of systematic measurement errors caused by both the vector network analyzer and a meniscus shaping the top of the liquid samples in such a type of test cell. To the best authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first of such a calibration-independent method dealing with meniscus. We verify its validity by comparing our results with the data available in the literature and with the outcomes of our previously published calibration-dependent meniscus removal method (MR) for propan-2-ol (IPA), a 50% aqueous solution of IPA and distilled water. The new method yields results comparable with the MR method, at least for IPA and the IPA solution, revealing, however some problems when testing high-loss water samples. Nevertheless, it allows one to cut down on expenditures in the system calibration engaging skilled labor and expensive standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T02:02:28Z","timestamp":1686189748000},"page":"5401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Meniscus-Corrected Method for Broadband Liquid Permittivity Measurements with an Uncalibrated Vector Network Analyzer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9244-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kalisiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Systems, The Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Systems, The Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6861-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Wiatr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Systems, The Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112001","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/19\/11\/112001","article-title":"Perspectives in dielectric measurement techniques for liquids","volume":"19","author":"Kaatze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meas. 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