{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1790612439381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government under the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science","award":["AEGP000053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEGP000053"]}]},{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship","award":["AEGP000053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEGP000053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation methods are highly versatile and find extensive applications in satellite communication. DoA methods are employed across a range of orbits, from low Earth orbits (LEO) to geostationary Earth orbits (GEO). They serve multiple applications, including altitude determination, geolocation and estimation accuracy, target localization, and relative and collaborative positioning. This paper provides a framework for modeling the DoA angle in satellite communications with respect to the elevation angle. The proposed approach employs a closed-form expression that incorporates various factors, such as the antenna boresight angle, satellite and Earth station positions, and the altitude parameters of the satellite stations. By leveraging this formulation, the work accurately calculates the Earth station\u2019s elevation angle and effectively models the DoA angle. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this contribution is unique and has not been previously addressed in the available literature. Furthermore, this paper studies the impact of spatial correlation in the channel on well-known DoA estimation techniques. As a significant part of this contribution, the authors introduce a signal model incorporating correlation in satellite communication. Although selected studies have presented spatial signal correlation models in satellite communications to analyze the performance metrics, such as the bit error or symbol error probability, outage probability, and ergodic capacity, this work stands out by presenting and adapting a correlation model in the signal specifically for studying DoA estimations. Accordingly, this paper evaluates DoA estimation performance using root mean square error (RMSE) measurements for different satellite communication link conditions (uplink and downlink) through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation\u2019s performance is evaluated by comparing it with the Cramer\u2013Rao lower bound (CRLB) performance metric under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) conditions, i.e., thermal noise. The simulation results demonstrate that incorporating a spatial signal correlation model for DoA estimations significantly improves RMSE performance in satellite systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T08:37:33Z","timestamp":1686299853000},"page":"5458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) Estimation Performance for Satellite Applications in a Multipath Environment with Rician Fading and Spatial Correlation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6648-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutmainnah","family":"Hasib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sithamparanathan","family":"Kandeepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne S. T.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram","family":"Al-Hourani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2669894","article-title":"Source association, doa, and fading coefficients estimation for multipath signals","volume":"65","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Roddy, D. (2006). 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