{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:04:30Z","timestamp":1789506270218,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by MOST, Taiwan","award":["MOST 108-2221-E-027-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2221-E-027-097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Observation of human joint motion plays an important role in many fields. The results of the human links can provide information about musculoskeletal parameters. Some devices can track real-time joint movement in the human body during essential daily activities, sports, and rehabilitation with memory for storing the information concerning the body. Based on the algorithm for signal features, the collected data can reveal the conditions of multiple physical and mental health issues. This study proposes a novel method for monitoring human joint motion at a low cost. We propose a mathematical model to analyze and simulate the joint motion of a human body. The model can be applied to an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) device for tracking dynamic joint motion of a human. Finally, the combination of image-processing technology was used to verify the results of model estimation. Moreover, the verification showed that the proposed method can estimate joint motions properly with reduced-number IMUs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T02:26:56Z","timestamp":1687228016000},"page":"5712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["New Method for Reduced-Number IMU Estimation in Observing Human Joint Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thang","family":"Hoang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Transportation Mechanical Engineering, The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaojung","family":"Shiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"},{"name":"Railway Vehicle Research Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arthritis by the numbers","volume":"3","author":"Scotton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Found."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007980","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007980","article-title":"A knee monitoring device and the preferences of patients living with osteoarthritis: A qualitative study","volume":"5","author":"Papi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1137\/1022056","article-title":"Recent developments in synovial joint biomechanics","volume":"22","author":"Mow","year":"1980","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.157","article-title":"A systems biology approach to synovial joint lubrication in health, injury, and disease","volume":"4","author":"Hui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. 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