{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:13:30Z","timestamp":1791339210714,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A retinal prosthesis, also known as a bionic eye, is a device that can be implanted to partially restore vision in patients with retinal diseases that have resulted in the loss of photoreceptors (e.g., age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa). Recently, there have been major breakthroughs in retinal prosthesis technology, with the creation of numerous types of implants, including epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal sensors. These devices can stimulate the remaining cells in the retina with electric signals to create a visual sensation. A literature review of the pre-clinical and clinical studies published between 2017 and 2023 is conducted. This narrative review delves into the retinal anatomy, physiology, pathology, and principles underlying electronic retinal prostheses. Engineering aspects are explored, including electrode\u2013retina alignment, electrode size and material, charge density, resolution limits, spatial selectivity, and bidirectional closed-loop systems. This article also discusses clinical aspects, focusing on safety, adverse events, visual function, outcomes, and the importance of rehabilitation programs. Moreover, there is ongoing debate over whether implantable retinal devices still offer a promising approach for the treatment of retinal diseases, considering the recent emergence of cell-based and gene-based therapies as well as optogenetics. This review compares retinal prostheses with these alternative therapies, providing a balanced perspective on their advantages and limitations. The recent advancements in retinal prosthesis technology are also outlined, emphasizing progress in engineering and the outlook of retinal prostheses. While acknowledging the challenges and complexities of the technology, this article highlights the significant potential of retinal prostheses for vision restoration in individuals with retinal diseases and calls for continued research and development to refine and enhance their performance, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T03:18:38Z","timestamp":1687317518000},"page":"5782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Retinal Prostheses: Engineering and Clinical Perspectives for Vision Restoration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1662-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4528-9521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Mina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1437-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Sahyoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananda","family":"Kalevar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5594-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon D.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mahabadi, N., and Al Khalili, Y. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kolb, H., Fernandez, E., and Nelson, R. (1995). Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina, University of Utah Health Sciences Center."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2021.1887902","article-title":"Advances in Neuroscience, Not Devices, Will Determine the Effectiveness of Visual Prostheses","volume":"36","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Contemporary Approaches to Visual Prostheses","volume":"6","author":"Mirochnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0520-2","article-title":"Translation of a Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis","volume":"4","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00836-4","article-title":"Bioengineering Strategies for Restoring Vision","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1489","article-title":"Subretinal Electronic Chips Allow Blind Patients to Read Letters and Combine Them to Words","volume":"278","author":"Zrenner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.104","article-title":"Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis with High Pixel Density","volume":"6","author":"Mathieson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036015","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abe6b8","article-title":"Vertical-Junction Photodiodes for Smaller Pixels in Retinal Prostheses","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00277","article-title":"Modeling the Improved Visual Acuity Using Photodiode Based Retinal Implants Featuring Fractal Electrodes","volume":"12","author":"Watterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016018","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5299","article-title":"Improved Visual Acuity Using a Retinal Implant and an Optimized Stimulation Strategy","volume":"17","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3123754","article-title":"Microelectrode Array With Integrated Pneumatic Channels for Dynamic Control of Electrode Position in Retinal Implants","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac6f82","article-title":"Simulating the Perceptual Effects of Electrode\u2013Retina Distance in Prosthetic Vision","volume":"19","author":"Avraham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47082-y","article-title":"Honeycomb-Shaped Electro-Neural Interface Enables Cellular-Scale Pixels in Subretinal Prosthesis","volume":"9","author":"Flores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056016","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab36ab","article-title":"A 3D Flexible Microelectrode Array for Subretinal Stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1010445","article-title":"Structural Changes in the Retina after Implantation of Subretinal Three-Dimensional Implants in Mini Pigs","volume":"16","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, H.W., Kim, N., and Kim, S. (2020). Fabrication of Subretinal 3D Microelectrodes with Hexagonal Arrangement. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11050467"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036011","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaac39","article-title":"Optimization of Pillar Electrodes in Subretinal Prosthesis for Enhanced Proximity to Target Neurons","volume":"15","author":"Flores","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.9.4","article-title":"Interobserver Agreement of Electrode to Retina Distance Measurements in a Second-Generation (44-Channel) Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis","volume":"11","author":"Abbott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109388","article-title":"Neural Tissue-Microelectrode Interaction: Brain Micromotion, Electrical Impedance, and Flexible Microelectrode Insertion","volume":"365","author":"Sharafkhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Kang, D.H., Kim, J., and Weiland, J.D. (2020). Shape Morphable Hydrogel\/Elastomer Bilayer for Implanted Retinal Electronics. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040392"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03386-7","article-title":"Design and Validation of a Foldable and Photovoltaic Wide-Field Epiretinal Prosthesis","volume":"9","author":"Ferlauto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31180-z","article-title":"POLYRETINA Restores Light Responses in Vivo in Blind G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs","volume":"13","author":"Vagni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76582-5","article-title":"Development and in Vitro Validation of Flexible Intraretinal Probes","volume":"10","author":"Gehlen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00262","article-title":"Stimulation Strategies for Improving the Resolution of Retinal Prostheses","volume":"14","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28125-x","article-title":"Simultaneous Perception of Prosthetic and Natural Vision in AMD Patients","volume":"13","author":"Palanker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055008","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac8ed8","article-title":"Photovoltaic Implant Simulator Reveals Resolution Limits in Subretinal Prosthesis","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.02.024","article-title":"Photovoltaic Restoration of Central Vision in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"127","author":"Palanker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711734114","article-title":"Imaging and Quantifying Ganglion Cells and Other Transparent Neurons in the Living Human Retina","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim, S., Eom, K., Jeong, J., and Kim, S.J. (2020). Retinal Prosthetic Approaches to Enhance Visual Perception for Blind Patients. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11050535"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000092","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202000092","article-title":"Imaging the Efficiency of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Doped with Acid-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube and Iridium Oxide Electrode Coatings for Microstimulation","volume":"1","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. NanoBiomed Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2019.12.01","article-title":"Electrical Stimulation Scheme Optimization for Retinal Prosthesis: Considerations from Biological Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Eye Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiland, J.D., Fink, W., Humayun, M., Liu, W., Rodger, D.C., Tai, Y.-C., and Tarbell, M. (2005, January 17\u201318). Progress Towards A High-Resolution Retinal Prosthesis. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616215"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0704-8","article-title":"Electrochemical Characteristics of Microelectrode Designed for Electrical Stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac8e31","article-title":"Pixel Size Limit of the PRIMA Implants: From Humans to Rodents and Back","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Q., Yu, S., Fan, Z., Huang, Y., Song, B., and Zhou, T. (2022). Nanocone-Array-Based Platinum-Iridium Oxide Neural Microelectrodes: Structure, Electrochemistry, Durability and Biocompatibility Study. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12193445"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615256","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.615256","article-title":"Novel Graphene Electrode for Retinal Implants: An in Vivo Biocompatibility Study","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582713","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.582713","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube Modified Microelectrode Array for Neural Interface","volume":"8","author":"Vafaiee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03212-0","article-title":"Nanowire Arrays Restore Vision in Blind Mice","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaeef1","article-title":"Epiretinal Stimulation with Local Returns Enhances Selectivity at Cellular Resolution","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erickson-Davis, C., and Korzybska, H. (2021). What Do Blind People \u201cSee\u201d with Retinal Prostheses? Observations and Qualitative Reports of Epiretinal Implant Users. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229189"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3128486","article-title":"Automatic Identification of Axon Bundle Activation for Epiretinal Prosthesis","volume":"29","author":"Tandon","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00750.2016","article-title":"Activation of Ganglion Cells and Axon Bundles Using Epiretinal Electrical Stimulation","volume":"118","author":"Grosberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318ra203","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac4877","article-title":"Improving the Spatial Resolution of Epiretinal Implants by Increasing Stimulus Pulse Duration","volume":"7","author":"Weitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffari, D.H., Chang, Y.-C., Mirzakhalili, E., and Weiland, J.D. (2021, January 4\u20136). Closed-Loop Optimization of Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses to Epiretinal Stimulation: A Computational Study. Proceedings of the 2021 10th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), Virtual Event, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/NER49283.2021.9441437"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34353-y","article-title":"Electronic Photoreceptors Enable Prosthetic Visual Acuity Matching the Natural Resolution in Rats","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066040","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca5b5","article-title":"Focal Electrical Stimulation of Human Retinal Ganglion Cells for Vision Restoration","volume":"19","author":"Madugula","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac861f","article-title":"Preferential Modulation of Individual Retinal Ganglion Cells by Electrical Stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Yunzab","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036016","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac6d7e","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Multilayer Concentric Bipolar Electrodes Restrict Spatial Activation in Optic Nerve Stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Borda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111040","article-title":"Unified Classification of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells Using Function, Morphology, and Gene Expression","volume":"40","author":"Goetz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115703","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1115703","article-title":"Electrically-Evoked Responses for Retinal Prostheses Are Differentially Altered Depending on Ganglion Cell Types in Outer Retinal Neurodegeneration Caused by Crb1 Gene Mutation","volume":"17","author":"Roh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.019","article-title":"Restoring Color Perception to the Blind: An Electrical Stimulation Strategy of Retina in Patients with End-Stage Retinitis Pigmentosa","volume":"128","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"4949","article-title":"Patients Blinded By Outer Retinal Dystrophies Are Able To Perceive Color Using The ArgusTm II Retinal Prosthesis System","volume":"52","author":"Stanga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"6952","article-title":"Patients Blinded by Outer Retinal Dystrophies Are Able to Perceive Simultaneous Colors Using the Argus\u00ae II Retinal Prosthesis System","volume":"53","author":"Stanga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd520","article-title":"Toward the Development of a Color Visual Prosthesis","volume":"18","author":"Towle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84437-w","article-title":"Color and Cellular Selectivity of Retinal Ganglion Cell Subtypes through Frequency Modulation of Electrical Stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Paknahad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026017","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaf92b","article-title":"Stimulation Strategies for Selective Activation of Retinal Ganglion Cell Soma and Threshold Reduction","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2882-13.2014","article-title":"Spatially Patterned Electrical Stimulation to Enhance Resolution of Retinal Prostheses","volume":"34","author":"Jepson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829323","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.829323","article-title":"In the Eye of the Storm: Bi-Directional Electrophysiological Investigation of the Intact Retina","volume":"16","author":"Hanein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.11.11","article-title":"Implications of Neural Plasticity in Retinal Prosthesis","volume":"63","author":"Gaytan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H., Abbasi, W.H., Kim, S.-W., and Kim, J. (2019). Fully Integrated Light-Sensing Stimulator Design for Subretinal Implants. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030536"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, A., and Beyeler, M. (2023). Retinal Ganglion Cells Undergo Cell Type-specific Functional Changes in a Biophysically Detailed Model of Retinal Degeneration. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.13.523982"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3138297","article-title":"Real-Time Optimization of Retinal Ganglion Cell Spatial Activity in Response to Epiretinal Stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Akwaboah","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca221","article-title":"Simulating the Impact of Photoreceptor Loss and Inner Retinal Network Changes on Electrical Activity of the Retina","volume":"19","author":"Ly","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066034","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac3dd8","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Activation of Retinal Bipolar Cells through Targeted Electrical Stimulation: A Computational Study","volume":"18","author":"Paknahad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iseri, E., Kosta, P., Paknahad, J., Bouteiller, J.-M.C., and Lazzi, G. (2021, January 1\u20135). A Computational Model Simulates Light-Evoked Responses in the Retinal Cone Pathway. Proceedings of the 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Guadalajara, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC46164.2021.9630642"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac72c2","article-title":"Improving the Spatial Resolution of Artificial Vision Using Midget Retinal Ganglion Cell Populations Modeled at the Human Fovea","volume":"19","author":"Italiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Relic, L., Zhang, B., Tuan, Y.-L., and Beyeler, M. (2022, January 13\u201315). Deep Learning-Based Perceptual Stimulus Encoder for Bionic Vision. Proceedings of the Augmented Humans International Conference, Chiba, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3519391.3524034"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397178","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/397178","article-title":"Clinical Applications of the Photopic Negative Response to Optic Nerve and Retinal Diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Machida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S137525","article-title":"Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System: A Review of Patient Selection Criteria, Surgical Considerations, and Post-Operative Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Finn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zrenner, E., Bartz-Schmidt, K., Besch, D., Gekeler, F., Koitschev, A., Sachs, H., and \u0160tingl, K. (2017). The Subretinal Implant ALPHA: Implantation and Functional Results, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41876-6_6"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00445","article-title":"Interim Results of a Multicenter Trial with the New Electronic Subretinal Implant Alpha AMS in 15 Patients Blind from Inherited Retinal Degenerations","volume":"11","author":"Stingl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.03.018","article-title":"Retinal Remodeling in Human Retinitis Pigmentosa","volume":"150","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13577","article-title":"Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Changes within the Macula in Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Study","volume":"96","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12242","article-title":"FLORATM: Phase I Development of a Functional Vision Assessment for Prosthetic Vision Users","volume":"98","author":"Geruschat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22377","article-title":"Eye Movement Control in the Argus II Retinal-Prosthesis Enables Reduced Head Movement and Better Localization Precision","volume":"59","author":"Caspi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211000680","article-title":"Electronic Retinal Prosthesis for Severe Loss of Vision in Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: First-in-Human Use","volume":"31","author":"Stanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.1476","article-title":"One-Year Safety and Performance Assessment of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis: A Postapproval Study","volume":"137","author":"Schaffrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1212","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14728","article-title":"Improved Performance and Safety from Argus II Retinal Prosthesis Post-Approval Study in France","volume":"99","author":"Delyfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.010","article-title":"Six-Month Safety and Efficacy of the Intelligent Retinal Implant System II Device in Retinitis Pigmentosa","volume":"126","author":"Muqit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"326","article-title":"Systematic Review of Novel Advances in Epiretinal and Subretinal Prosthesis","volume":"2","author":"Kurt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515841418817501","DOI":"10.1177\/2515841418817501","article-title":"Advances in Retinal Prosthesis Systems","volume":"11","author":"Bloch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.03.001","article-title":"Subretinal Visual Implant Alpha IMS\u2014Clinical Trial Interim Report","volume":"111","author":"Stingl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.019","article-title":"Assessment of the Electronic Retinal Implant Alpha AMS in Restoring Vision to Blind Patients with End-Stage Retinitis Pigmentosa","volume":"125","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayton, L.N., Blamey, P.J., Guymer, R.H., Luu, C.D., Nayagam, D.A.X., Sinclair, N.C., Shivdasani, M.N., Yeoh, J., McCombe, M.F., and Briggs, R.J. (2014). First-in-Human Trial of a Novel Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115239"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.10.12","article-title":"A Second-Generation (44-Channel) Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis: Interim Clinical Trial Results","volume":"10","author":"Petoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.049","article-title":"Five-Year Safety and Performance Results from the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Clinical Trial","volume":"123","author":"Dorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.10.7","article-title":"Functional Vision in the Real-World Environment With a Second-Generation (44-Channel) Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis","volume":"10","author":"Karapanos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.13.31","article-title":"Oculomotor Responses to Dynamic Stimuli in a 44-Channel Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis","volume":"9","author":"Titchener","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X221092020","article-title":"Visual Rehabilitation After Retinal Prosthesis Implantation: An 18-Month Case Report, From Candidate Selection to Follow-Up","volume":"116","author":"Carignan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis. Impair. Blind."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0460d9","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac1b6c","article-title":"Retinal Prosthetic Vision Simulation: Temporal Aspects","volume":"18","author":"Avraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026016","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac5a5c","article-title":"Virtual Reality Validation of Naturalistic Modulation Strategies to Counteract Fading in Retinal Stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Thorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2021.01.008","article-title":"Multisensory Perception in Argus II Retinal Prosthesis Patients: Leveraging Auditory-Visual Mappings to Enhance Prosthesis Outcomes","volume":"182","author":"Stiles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.11.007","article-title":"Computer-Assisted Immersive Visual Rehabilitation in Argus II Retinal Prosthesis Recipients","volume":"4","author":"Rachitskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25827","article-title":"Alteration of Neurotrophic Factors After Transplantation of Bone Marrow Derived Lin-ve Stem Cell in NMDA-Induced Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration","volume":"118","author":"Jindal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.12.008","article-title":"IPSC-Derived Retina Transplants Improve Vision in Rd1 End-Stage Retinal-Degeneration Mice","volume":"8","author":"Mandai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01069.x","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cytokines and Factors","volume":"67","author":"Soleymaninejadian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-011-9311-1","article-title":"Exploring the Role of Soluble Factors Associated with Immune Regulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"8","author":"Bassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2013.09.004","article-title":"Trophic Factors in the Pathogenesis and Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases","volume":"59","author":"Kolomeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2015.1115253","article-title":"Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"31","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.9","article-title":"Combined Transplantation With Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Retinal Rescue Effect of Human Fetal RPE Cells in Retinal Degeneration Mouse Model","volume":"61","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181d45a61","article-title":"Transplantation of Reprogrammed Embryonic Stem Cells Improves Visual Function in a Mouse Model for Retinitis Pigmentosa","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0511","article-title":"Multipotent Retinal Progenitors Express Developmental Markers, Differentiate into Retinal Neurons, and Preserve Light-Mediated Behavior","volume":"45","author":"Klassen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.05.013","article-title":"Regenerating Eye Tissues to Preserve and Restore Vision","volume":"22","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat5580","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat5580","article-title":"Clinical-Grade Stem Cell\u2013Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium Patch Rescues Retinal Degeneration in Rodents and Pigs","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao4097","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4097","article-title":"A Bioengineered Retinal Pigment Epithelial Monolayer for Advanced, Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Kashani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.09.017","article-title":"Surgical Method for Implantation of a Biosynthetic Retinal Pigment Epithelium Monolayer for Geographic Atrophy: Experience from a Phase 1\/2a Study","volume":"4","author":"Kashani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2564-5","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Viral Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Disease","volume":"36","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.08.001","article-title":"Vector Platforms for Gene Therapy of Inherited Retinopathies","volume":"43","author":"Trapani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz130","article-title":"Has Retinal Gene Therapy Come of Age? From Bench to Bedside and Back to Bench","volume":"28","author":"Trapani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, I. (2022). CRISPR\/Cas9\u2014A Promising Therapeutic Tool to Cure Blindness: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911482"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Liu, S., Li, P., and Yao, K. (2022). Retinitis Pigmentosa: Progress in Molecular Pathology and Biotherapeutical Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094883"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, H., Sugano, E., Fukazawa, Y., Isago, H., Sugiyama, Y., Hiroi, T., Ishizuka, T., Mushiake, H., Kato, M., and Hirabayashi, M. (2009). Visual Properties of Transgenic Rats Harboring the Channelrhodopsin-2 Gene Regulated by the Thy-1.2 Promoter. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007679"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.117","article-title":"Opsins for Vision Restoration","volume":"527","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4091","article-title":"Optogenetics: 10 Years of Microbial Opsins in Neuroscience","volume":"18","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-019-0089-0","article-title":"Effects of a Combinatorial Treatment with Gene and Cell Therapy on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axonal Outgrowth after Optic Nerve Injury","volume":"27","author":"Hauswirth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523814000212","article-title":"Optogenetic Approaches to Retinal Prosthesis","volume":"31","author":"Barrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13213","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR01688K","article-title":"Development of an Image Biosensor Based on an Optogenetically Engineered Cell for Visual Prostheses","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12234","article-title":"Electrode Materials for Brain\u2013Machine Interface: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100253","article-title":"An Electroactive Hybrid Biointerface for Enhancing Neuronal Differentiation and Axonal Outgrowth on Bio-Subretinal Chip","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"83","article-title":"Comparison of Electrode Materials for the Use of Retinal Prosthesis","volume":"21","author":"Niina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.826680","article-title":"Chronic Neural Recording Using Silicon-Substrate Microelectrode Arrays Implanted in Cerebral Cortex","volume":"51","author":"Vetter","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.09.037","article-title":"Fabrication and Biocompatibility of Polypyrrole Implants Suitable for Neural Prosthetics","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.04.047","article-title":"Conducting Polymers for Neural Interfaces: Challenges in Developing an Effective Long-Term Implant","volume":"29","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00620","article-title":"Visual Prosthesis: Interfacing Stimulating Electrodes with Retinal Neurons to Restore Vision","volume":"11","author":"Bareket","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600448","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600448","article-title":"Enhanced PEDOT Adhesion on Solid Substrates with Electrografted P(EDOT-NH2)","volume":"3","author":"Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, R.A., Devillaine, F., Dodds, C., Matteucci, P., Chen, S., Byrnes-Preston, P., Poole-Warren, L.A., Lovell, N.H., and Suaning, G.J. (September, January 31). Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Visual Prostheses. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5625993"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.174","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube Coating Improves Neuronal Recordings","volume":"3","author":"Keefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.018","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Retinal Implants: A Study of Structural and Functional Integration over Time","volume":"112","author":"Eleftheriou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10182","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc13011k","article-title":"Making Carbon Nanotubes Biocompatible and Biodegradable","volume":"47","author":"Bianco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1021\/bc500332c","article-title":"Surface Engineering of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703976","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201703976","article-title":"Flexible Graphene Solution-Gated Field-Effect Transistors: Efficient Transducers for Micro-Electrocorticography","volume":"28","author":"Calia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914737107","article-title":"Nanowire Transistor Arrays for Mapping Neural Circuits in Acute Brain Slices","volume":"107","author":"Qing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0292-9","article-title":"Bioinspired Neuron-like Electronics","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6651","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.433775","article-title":"Understanding the Relationship between Visual-Angle and Eye-Angle for Reliable Determination of the Field-of-View in Ultra-Wide Field Fundus Photography","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032003","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1091\/ac812c","article-title":"Advances in Visual Prostheses: Engineering and Biological Challenges","volume":"4","author":"Borda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-021-00133-2","article-title":"Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis Restores High-Resolution Responses to Single-Pixel Stimulation in Blind Retinas","volume":"2","author":"Chenais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198342","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3198342","article-title":"Optimization of Visual Information Presentation for Visual Prosthesis","volume":"2018","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcmmerer, M., Wallis, T.S.A., and Bethge, M. (2016). DeepGaze II: Reading Fixations from Deep Features Trained on Object Recognition. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1167\/17.10.1147"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godard, C., Aodha, O.M., Firman, M., and Brostow, G. (November, January 27). Digging Into Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00393"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, N., Srivastava, S., Xu, A., Klein, D., and Beyeler, M. (2021, January 22\u201324). Deep Learning\u2013Based Scene Simplification for Bionic Vision. Proceedings of the Augmented Humans Conference 2021, Rovaniemi, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3458709.3458982"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2023.05.002","article-title":"SpikeSEE: An Energy-Efficient Dynamic Scenes Processing Framework for Retinal Prostheses","volume":"164","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.3048973","article-title":"Electric Stimulation Elicits Heterogeneous Responses in ON but Not OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells to Transmit Rich Neural Information","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035005","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab8f70","article-title":"In Vitro Reliability Testing and in Vivo Lifespan Estimation of Wireless Pixium Vision PRIMA Photovoltaic Subretinal Prostheses Suggest Prolonged Durability and Functionality in Clinical Practice","volume":"17","author":"Lemoine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055011","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac9645","article-title":"Long-Term Observations of Macular Thickness after Subretinal Implantation of a Photovoltaic Prosthesis in Patients with Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"19","author":"Muqit","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2019.44270","article-title":"Retinal Prostheses and Artificial Vision","volume":"49","author":"Arslan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.08.042","article-title":"Retinal Prostheses: Current Clinical Results and Future Needs","volume":"118","author":"Weiland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2117","article-title":"Light-Activated Channels Targeted to ON Bipolar Cells Restore Visual Function in Retinal Degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Lagali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36634357","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/acb295","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Retinal Prostheses: A Comprehensive Review and Future Direction","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., and Beyeler, M. (2021, January 4\u20136). Explainable AI for Retinal Prostheses: Predicting Electrode Deactivation from Routine Clinical Measures. Proceedings of the 2021 10th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), Virtual Event, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/NER49283.2021.9441194"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5782\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:57:44Z","timestamp":1760126264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135782","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]}}}