{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:16:21Z","timestamp":1760148981127,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish grant MINDROB","award":["PID2019-105556GB-C33","CHIST-ERA-18-ACAI-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105556GB-C33","CHIST-ERA-18-ACAI-004"]}]},{"name":"CHIST-ERA H2020 grant SMALL","award":["PID2019-105556GB-C33","CHIST-ERA-18-ACAI-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105556GB-C33","CHIST-ERA-18-ACAI-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyroelectric infrared sensors (PIR) are widely used as infrared (IR) detectors due to their basic implementation, low cost, low power, and performance. Combined with a Fresnel lens, they can be used as a binary detector in applications of presence and motion control. Furthermore, due to their features, they can be used in autonomous intelligent devices or included in robotics applications or sensor networks. In this work, two neural processing architectures are presented: (1) an analog processing approach to achieve the behavior of a presynaptic neuron from a PIR sensor. An analog circuit similar to the leaky integrate and fire model is implemented to be able to generate spiking rates proportional to the IR stimuli received at a PIR sensor. (2) An embedded postsynaptic neuron where a spiking neural network matrix together with an algorithm based on digital processing techniques is introduced. This structure allows connecting a set of sensors to the post-synaptic circuit emulating an optic nerve. As a case study, the entire neural processing approach presented in this paper is applied to optical flow detection considering a four-PIR array as input. The results validate both the spiking approach for an analog sensor presented and the ability to retrieve the analog information sent as spike trains in a simulated optic nerve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"5816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploiting the PIR Sensor Analog Behavior as Thermoreceptor: Movement Direction Classification Based on Spiking Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3765-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Maria","family":"Guerrero-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronic Circuit Design Group, Engineering School, University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Avda. Universidad de C\u00e1diz, n\u00ba 10, CP 11519 Puerto Real, C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Angeles","family":"Cifredo-Chacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronic Circuit Design Group, Engineering School, University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Avda. Universidad de C\u00e1diz, n\u00ba 10, CP 11519 Puerto Real, C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemente","family":"Cobos S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronic Circuit Design Group, Engineering School, University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Avda. Universidad de C\u00e1diz, n\u00ba 10, CP 11519 Puerto Real, C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3586-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Perez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Robotics Lab, Engineering School, University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Avda. Universidad de C\u00e1diz, n\u00ba 10, CP 11519 Puerto Real, C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106681","article-title":"A scalable Bluetooth Low Energy approach to identify occupancy patterns and profiles in office spaces","volume":"171","author":"Tekler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. 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