{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:16:51Z","timestamp":1790111811373,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SEP-CONACYT, CIENCIA B\u00c1SICA-2016","award":["286647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["286647"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A gas sensor array was developed and evaluated using four high-frequency quartz crystal microbalance devices (with a 30 MHz resonant frequency in fundamental mode). The QCM devices were coated with ethyl cellulose (EC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Apiezon L (ApL), and Apiezon T (ApT) sensing films, and deposited by the ultrasonic atomization method. The objective of this research was to propose a non-invasive technique for acetone biomarker detection, which is associated with diabetes mellitus disease. The gas sensor array was exposed to methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone biomarkers in four different concentrations, corresponding to 1, 5, 10, and 15 \u00b5L, at temperature of 22 \u00b0C and relative humidity of 20%. These samples were used because human breath contains them and they are used for disease detection. Moreover, the gas sensor responses were analyzed using principal component analysis and discriminant analysis, achieving the classification of the acetone biomarker with a 100% membership percentage when its concentration varies from 327 to 4908 ppm, and its identification from methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1702898887000},"page":"9823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Acetone Detection and Classification as Biomarker of Diabetes Mellitus Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Gas Sensor Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Marcos","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Altuzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6544-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mendoza-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Castillo-Mixc\u00f3atl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Severino","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Classification of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"138","author":"Triplitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dep. 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