{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:58:13Z","timestamp":1781920693474,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Programme for Research, Technological Development, and Demonstratio","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["690105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["690105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Programme for Research, Technological Development, and Demonstratio","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Programme for Research, Technological Development, and Demonstratio","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Young Researchers Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["690105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["690105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Young Researchers Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Young Researchers Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Participatory exposure research, which tracks behaviour and assesses exposure to stressors like air pollution, traditionally relies on time-activity diaries. This study introduces a novel approach, employing machine learning (ML) to empower laypersons in human activity recognition (HAR), aiming to reduce dependence on manual recording by leveraging data from wearable sensors. Recognising complex activities such as smoking and cooking presents unique challenges due to specific environmental conditions. In this research, we combined wearable environment\/ambient and wrist-worn activity\/biometric sensors for complex activity recognition in an urban stressor exposure study, measuring parameters like particulate matter concentrations, temperature, and humidity. Two groups, Group H (88 individuals) and Group M (18 individuals), wore the devices and manually logged their activities hourly and minutely, respectively. Prioritising accessibility and inclusivity, we selected three classification algorithms: k-nearest neighbours (IBk), decision trees (J48), and random forests (RF), based on: (1) proven efficacy in existing literature, (2) understandability and transparency for laypersons, (3) availability on user-friendly platforms like WEKA, and (4) efficiency on basic devices such as office laptops or smartphones. Accuracy improved with finer temporal resolution and detailed activity categories. However, when compared to other published human activity recognition research, our accuracy rates, particularly for less complex activities, were not as competitive. Misclassifications were higher for vague activities (resting, playing), while well-defined activities (smoking, cooking, running) had few errors. Including environmental sensor data increased accuracy for all activities, especially playing, smoking, and running. Future work should consider exploring other explainable algorithms available on diverse tools and platforms. Our findings underscore ML\u2019s potential in exposure studies, emphasising its adaptability and significance for laypersons while also highlighting areas for improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1702904276000},"page":"9890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Empowering Participatory Research in Urban Health: Wearable Biometric and Environmental Sensors for Activity Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rok","family":"Novak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Ecotechnologies Programme, Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0641-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna Amalia","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Ecotechnologies Programme, Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Development, Slovenian Institute for Adult Education, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2466-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tja\u0161a","family":"Kandu\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Sarigiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School of Advanced Study IUSS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u0161o","family":"D\u017eeroski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotechnologies Programme, Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Kocman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauman, A., Bittman, M., and Gershuny, J. 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