{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1778327692772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT of South Korea","award":["P088100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P088100009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a sound event detection method is proposed for estimating three types of bathroom activities\u2014showering, flushing, and faucet usage\u2014based on the sounds of water usage in the bathroom. The proposed approach has a two-stage structure. First, the general sound classification network YAMNet is utilized to determine the existence of a general water sound; if the input data contains water sounds, W-YAMNet, a modified network of YAMNet, is then triggered to identify the specific activity. W-YAMNet is designed to accommodate the acoustic characteristics of each bathroom. In training W-YAMNet, the transfer learning method is applied to utilize the advantages of YAMNet and to address its limitations. Various parameters, including the length of the audio clip, were experimentally analyzed to identify trends and suitable values. The proposed method is implemented in a Raspberry-Pi-based edge computer to ensure privacy protection. Applying this methodology to 10-min segments of continuous audio data yielded promising results. However, the accuracy could still be further enhanced, and the potential for utilizing the data obtained through this approach in assessing the health and safety of elderly individuals living alone remains a topic for future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T11:17:24Z","timestamp":1702984644000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sound-Event Detection of Water-Usage Activities Using Transfer Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Ho","family":"Hyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2013.0109","article-title":"Monitoring Activities of Daily Living of the Elderly and the Potential for Its Use in Telecare and Telehealth: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Gokalp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2012.09.003","article-title":"Smart wearable systems: Current status and future challenges","volume":"56","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artif. 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