{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:21:40Z","timestamp":1788294100823,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union and Greek national funds","award":["T1EDK\u201401440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1EDK\u201401440"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of remaining useful life estimation (RULE) of hollow worn railway vehicle wheels in terms of remaining mileage via wheel tread depth estimation using on-board vibration signals from a single accelerometer on the bogie frame is presently investigated. This is achieved based on the introduction of a statistical time series method that employs: (i) advanced data-driven stochastic Functionally Pooled models for the modeling of the vehicle dynamics under different wheel tread depths in a range of interest until a critical limit, as well as tread depth estimation through a proper optimization procedure, and (ii) a wheel tread depth evolution function with respect to the vehicle running mileage that interconnects the estimated hollow wear with the remaining useful mileage. The method\u2019s RULE performance is investigated via hundreds of Simpack-based Monte Carlo simulations with an Attiko Metro S.A. vehicle and many hollow worn wheels scenarios which are not used for the method\u2019s training. The obtained results indicate the accurate estimation of the wheels tread depth with a mean absolute error of \u223c0.07 mm that leads to a corresponding small error of \u223c3% with respect to the wheels remaining useful mileage. In addition, the comparison with a recently introduced Multiple Model (MM)-based multi-health state classification method for RULE, demonstrates the better performance of the postulated method that achieves 81.17% True Positive Rate (TPR) which is significantly higher than the 45.44% of the MM method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T06:12:58Z","timestamp":1704694378000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Hollow Worn Railway Vehicle Wheels via On-Board Random Vibration-Based Wheel Tread Depth Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2898-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias A.","family":"Iliopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stochastic Mechanical Systems & Automation (SMSA) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S.","family":"Sakellariou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stochastic Mechanical Systems & Automation (SMSA) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2004.03.058","article-title":"The effect of hollow-worn wheels on vehicle stability in straight track","volume":"258","author":"Sawley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2004.03.029","article-title":"The formation of hollow-worn wheels and their effect on wheel\/rail interaction","volume":"258","author":"Sawley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409714541953","article-title":"A study of railway wheel profile parameters used as indicators of an increased risk of wheel defects","volume":"230","author":"Asplund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. 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