{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:44:10Z","timestamp":1760143450363,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"national key research and development program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2900401","JCYJ20220818102209020","ZDSYS20210623091807023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2900401","JCYJ20220818102209020","ZDSYS20210623091807023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"key Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen","award":["2021YFB2900401","JCYJ20220818102209020","ZDSYS20210623091807023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2900401","JCYJ20220818102209020","ZDSYS20210623091807023"]}]},{"name":"key research and development program of Shenzhen","award":["2021YFB2900401","JCYJ20220818102209020","ZDSYS20210623091807023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2900401","JCYJ20220818102209020","ZDSYS20210623091807023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orbit angular momentum (OAM) has been considered a new dimension for improving channel capacity in recent years. In this paper, a millimeter-wave broadband multi-mode waveguide traveling-wave antenna with OAM is proposed by innovatively utilizing the transmitted electromagnetic waves (EMWs) characteristic of substrate-integrated gap waveguides (SIGWs) to introduce phase delay, resulting in coupling to the radiate units with a phase jump. Nine \u201cL\u201d-shaped slot radiate elements are cut in a circular order at a certain angle on the SIGW to generate spin angular momentum (SAM) and OAM. To generate more OAM modes and match the antenna, four \u201c\u03a0\u201d-shaped slot radiate units with a 90\u00b0 relationship to each other are designed in this circular array. The simulation results show that the antenna operates at 28 GHz, with a \u221210 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) = 35.7%, ranging from 25.50 to 35.85 GHz and a VSWR \u2264 1.5 dB from 28.60 to 32.0 GHz and 28.60 to 32.0 GHz. The antenna radiates a linear polarization (LP) mode with a gain of 9.3 dBi at 34.0~37.2 GHz, a l = 2 SAM\u2013OAM (i.e., circular polarization OAM (CP\u2013OAM)) mode with 8.04 dBi at 25.90~28.08 GHz, a l = 1 and l = 2 hybrid OAM mode with 5.7 dBi at 28.08~29.67 GHz, a SAM (i.e., left\/right hand circular polarization (L\/RHCP) mode with 4.6 dBi at 29.67~30.41 GHz, and a LP mode at 30.41~35.85 GHz. In addition, the waveguide transmits energy with a bandwidth ranging from 26.10 to 38.46 GHz. Within the in-band, only a quasi-TEM mode is transmitted with an energy transmission loss |S21| \u2264 2 dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Millimeter-Wave Broadband Multi-Mode Substrate-Integrated Gap Waveguide Traveling-Wave Antenna with Orbit Angular Momentum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9244-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiu-Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8595-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3998-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5022-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9892","article-title":"Utilization of photon orbital angular momentum in the low-frequency radio domain","volume":"99","author":"Then","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. 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