{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:15:18Z","timestamp":1787724918312,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 107-2410-H179-002-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2410-H179-002-MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance of the overhead squat may affect the golf swing mechanics associated with golf-related low back pain. This study investigates the difference in lumbar kinematics and joint loads during the golf downswing between golfers with different overhead squat abilities. Based on the performance of the overhead squat test, 21 golfers aged 18 to 30 years were divided into the highest-scoring group (HS, N = 10, 1.61 \u00b1 0.05 cm, and 68.06 \u00b1 13.67 kg) and lowest-scoring group (LS, N = 11, 1.68 \u00b1 0.10 cm, and 75.00 \u00b1 14.37 kg). For data collection, a motion analysis system, two force plates, and TrackMan were used. OpenSim 4.3 software was used to simulate the joint loads for each lumbar joint. An independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. Compared to golfers demonstrating limitations in the overhead squat test, golfers with better performance in the overhead squat test demonstrated significantly greater angular extension displacement on the sagittal plane, smaller lumbar extension angular velocity, and smaller L4-S1 joint shear force. Consequently, the overhead squat test is a useful index to reflect lumbar kinematics and joint loading patterns during the downswing and provides a good training guide reference for reducing the risk of a golf-related lower back injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T08:29:37Z","timestamp":1707985777000},"page":"1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Does Overhead Squat Performance Affect the Swing Kinematics and Lumbar Spine Loads during the Golf Downswing?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zi-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MSc and MPE Dual Programme in International Sport Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan"},{"name":"MSc and MPE Dual Programme in International Sport Coaching Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Pandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Athletic and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Tzu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Athletic and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24289","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.24289","article-title":"Golf-related low back pain: A review of causative factors and prevention strategies","volume":"5","author":"Lindsay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. 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