{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T15:52:29Z","timestamp":1789314749916,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The knee abduction moment (KAM) has been identified as a significant predictor of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk; however, the cost and time demands associated with collecting three-dimensional (3D) kinetic data have prompted the need for alternative solutions. Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been explored as a potential solution for quantitative on-field assessment of injury risk. Most previous work has focused on angular velocity data, which are highly susceptible to bias and noise relative to acceleration data. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the relationship between KAM and body segment acceleration during sport-specific movements. Three functional tasks were selected to analyze peak KAM using optical motion capture and force plates as well as peak triaxial segment accelerations using IMUs. Moderate correlations with peak KAM were observed for peak shank acceleration during single-leg hop; peak trunk, thigh, and shank accelerations during a deceleration task; and peak trunk, pelvis, and shank accelerations during a 45\u00b0 cut. These findings provide preliminary support for the use of wearable IMUs to identify peak KAM during athletic tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T10:47:30Z","timestamp":1708685250000},"page":"1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship of Knee Abduction Moment to Trunk and Lower Extremity Segment Acceleration during Sport-Specific Movements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9161-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell","family":"Ekdahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX 75034, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6262-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Ulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX 75034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaed Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"},{"name":"Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514552788","article-title":"Patient predictors of early revision surgery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A cohort study of 16,930 patients with 2-year follow-up","volume":"43","author":"Andernord","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738114535184","article-title":"Defending Puts the Anterior Cruciate Ligament at Risk During Soccer: A Gender-Based Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Brophy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.33045","article-title":"Reliability of the Expanded Cutting Alignment Scoring Tool (E-CAST) to Assess Trunk and Limb Alignment During a 45-Degree Side-Step Cut","volume":"17","author":"Butler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.21419","article-title":"Reliability of the Cutting Alignment Scoring Tool (CAST) to Assess Trunk and Limb Alignment During a 45-Degree Side-Step Cut","volume":"16","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.05.004","article-title":"A qualitative screening tool to identify athletes with \u2018high-risk\u2019 movement mechanics during cutting: The cutting movement assessment score (CMAS)","volume":"38","author":"McBurnie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0756-9659","article-title":"A Reliable Video-based ACL Injury Screening Tool for Female Team Sport Athletes","volume":"40","author":"Weir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508328107","article-title":"Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament injury: Abnormalities in hip and ankle kinematics","volume":"37","author":"Boden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0931-3","article-title":"Change-of-Direction Biomechanics: Is What\u2019s Best for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Also Best for Performance?","volume":"48","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269591","article-title":"Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: A prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Hewett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23414","article-title":"Mechanisms, prediction, and prevention of ACL injuries: Cut risk with three sharpened and validated tools","volume":"34","author":"Hewett","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091370","article-title":"Sidestep cutting technique and knee abduction loading: Implications for ACL prevention exercises","volume":"48","author":"Kristianslund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506293899","article-title":"Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: Video analysis of 39 cases","volume":"35","author":"Krosshaug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2007.04.003","article-title":"Loading characteristics of females exhibiting excessive valgus moments during cutting","volume":"22","author":"Sigward","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200107000-00014","article-title":"External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers","volume":"33","author":"Besier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31812f56d1","article-title":"The effect of technique change on knee loads during sidestep cutting","volume":"39","author":"Dempsey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514539446","article-title":"Is there a relationship between landing, cutting, and pivoting tasks in terms of the characteristics of dynamic valgus?","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24313","article-title":"Knee Abduction and Internal Rotation Moments Increase ACL Force during Landing through the Posterior Slope of the Tibia","volume":"37","author":"Navacchia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059162","article-title":"Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism","volume":"43","author":"Hewett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018598","article-title":"Evaluation of a two dimensional analysis method as a screening and evaluation tool for anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"39","author":"McLean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2014-0237","article-title":"Reliability of 3-Dimensional Measures of Single-Leg Drop Landing Across 3 Institutions: Implications for Multicenter Research for Secondary ACL-Injury Prevention","volume":"24","author":"Myer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915230","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.915230","article-title":"Concurrent Validity of Movement Screening Criteria Designed to Identify Injury Risk Factors in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players","volume":"4","author":"Ulman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratt, K.A., and Sigward, S.M. (2018). Inertial Sensor Angular Velocities Reflect Dynamic Knee Loading during Single Limb Loading in Individuals Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103460"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowling, A.V., Favre, J., and Andriacchi, T.P. (2012). Characterization of thigh and shank segment angular velocity during jump landing tasks commonly used to evaluate risk for ACL injury. J. Biomech. Eng., 134.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007178"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, H.S.R., Stiles, V.H., Verheul, J., and Moore, I.S. (2022). Angular Velocities and Linear Accelerations Derived from Inertial Measurement Units Can Be Used as Proxy Measures of Knee Variables Associated with ACL Injury. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239286"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.7995","article-title":"Detection of Knee Power Deficits Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Wearable Sensors","volume":"48","author":"Pratt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23983","DOI":"10.3390\/s150923983","article-title":"How Angular Velocity Features and Different Gyroscope Noise Types Interact and Determine Orientation Estimation Accuracy","volume":"15","author":"Pasciuto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weygers, I., Kok, M., Konings, M., Hallez, H., De Vroey, H., and Claeys, K. (2020). Inertial sensor-based lower limb joint kinematics: A methodological systematic review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030673"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekdahl, M., Loewen, A., Erdman, A., Sahin, S., and Ulman, S. (2023). Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor-to-Segment Calibration Comparison for Sport-Specific Motion Analysis. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187987"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.11.021","article-title":"Lower-extremity kinematics and kinetics differ based on drop vertical jump variation: An assessment of methodology for a return-to-play protocol using motion analysis","volume":"108","author":"Ulman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(95)93466-P","article-title":"Comparison of 3-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during walking gait using two different marker sets","volume":"3","author":"Castagno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ulman, S., Chafetz, R., Wren, T.A., Loewen, A., Erdman, A., Fischer, P., Giampetruzzi, N., Kanai, S., Katzel, M., and McMulkin, M. (2022). PRiSM Motion Analysis Research Interest Group\u2019s Sports Protocol: Knee Emphasis, Standard Operating Procedures, PRiSM. Version 2.2."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-1195(86)90098-7","article-title":"A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Woltring","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002642","article-title":"Effect of Static Alignment on Dynamic Knee Abduction Moments in Adolescent Athletes with Recent ACL Reconstruction","volume":"53","author":"Mueske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/875647939000600106","article-title":"Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient: A Basic Review","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Diagn. Med. Sonogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2014.06.002","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer: Loading mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention programs","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Baur, M., Baldwin, K., Kuehn, T., Zhu, Q., Herman, D., and Dai, B. (2020). Falling as a strategy to decrease knee loading during landings: Implications for ACL injury prevention. J. Biomech., 109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109906"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2015.05.004","article-title":"Technique determinants of knee joint loads during cutting in female soccer players","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5432\/ijshs.201309","article-title":"A Sidestep Cut Preparation Strategy Decreases the External Load Applied to the Knee Joint","volume":"11","author":"Kimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.876508","article-title":"Anticipatory postural adjustments during cutting manoeuvres in football and their consequences for knee injury risk","volume":"32","author":"Mornieux","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.06.029","article-title":"The effect of running speed on knee mechanical loading in females during side cutting","volume":"45","author":"Vanrenterghem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2015.08.005","article-title":"Dynamic stability during running gait termination: Differences in strategies between children and adults to control forward momentum","volume":"43","author":"Cesar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.05.006","article-title":"Braking characteristics during cutting and pivoting in female soccer players","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.25.1.9","article-title":"Comparison of selected lateral cutting activities used to assess ACL injury risk","volume":"25","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:03:55Z","timestamp":1760105035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}