{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:41:36Z","timestamp":1787935296666,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["112-2221-E-008-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2221-E-008-051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research proposes a magnetic field sensor with spatial orientation ability. Through the assistance of a magnetic flux concentrator, out-of-plane magnetic flux can be concentrated and guided into the planar magnetic cores of a fluxgate sensor. A printed circuit board is used to construct the basic planar structure, on which the proposed three-dimensional magnetic flux concentrator and magnetic cores are assembled. This reduces the alignment error of the coils and improves the reliability of the sensor. Three-axis sensing is achieved by using the second harmonic signals from selected sensing coil pairs. The magnetometer exhibits a linear range to 130 \u03bcT. At an excitation frequency of 50 kHz, the measured sensitivities are 257.1, 468.8, and 258.8 V\/T for the X-, Y-, and Z-axis sensing modes, respectively. This sensor utilizes only one sensing mechanism for the vector field, making it suitable for IoT applications, especially for assessing mechanical posture or position.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1709530272000},"page":"1659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Three-Axis Vector Magnetometer with a Three-Dimensional Flux Concentrator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shih-Jui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Der-Tai","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping-Hsun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tse-Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1109\/5.56910","article-title":"A review of magnetic sensors","volume":"78","author":"Lenz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. 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