{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:07:05Z","timestamp":1787029625979,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Soongsil University","award":["20016038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20016038"]}]},{"name":"Soongsil University","award":["P0012770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0012770"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Republic of Korea)","award":["20016038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20016038"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Republic of Korea)","award":["P0012770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0012770"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","award":["20016038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20016038"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","award":["P0012770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0012770"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wrist is one of the most complex joints in our body, composed of eight bones. Therefore, measuring the angles of this intricate wrist movement can prove valuable in various fields such as sports analysis and rehabilitation. Textile stretch sensors can be easily produced by immersing an E-band in a SWCNT solution. The lightweight, cost-effective, and reproducible nature of textile stretch sensors makes them well suited for practical applications in clothing. In this paper, wrist angles were measured by attaching textile stretch sensors to an arm sleeve. Three sensors were utilized to measure all three axes of the wrist. Additionally, sensor precision was heightened through the utilization of the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) technique, a subtype of deep learning. Rather than fixing the measurement values of each sensor to specific axes, we created an algorithm utilizing the coupling between sensors, allowing the measurement of wrist angles in three dimensions. Using this algorithm, the error angle of wrist angles measured with textile stretch sensors could be measured at less than 4.5\u00b0. This demonstrated higher accuracy compared to other soft sensors available for measuring wrist angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:26:59Z","timestamp":1709638019000},"page":"1685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Measurement of 3D Wrist Angles by Combining Textile Stretch Sensors and AI Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jae-Ha","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bon-Hak","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-0200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Un","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smartwearable Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2019.00063","article-title":"Wearable ankle robots in post-stroke rehabilitation of gait: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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