{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:06:46Z","timestamp":1787029606092,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Opioid use, particularly morphine, is linked to CNS-related disorders, comorbidities, and premature death. Morphine, a widely abused opioid, poses a significant global health threat and serves as a key metabolite in various opioids. Here, we present a turn-off fluorescent sensor capable of detecting morphine with exceptional sensitivity and speed in various samples. The fluorescent sensor was developed through the dimerization process of 7-methoxy-1-tetralone and subsequent demethylation to produce the final product. Despite morphine possessing inherent fluorophoric properties and emitting light in an approximately similar wavelength as the sensor\u2019s fluorescent blue light, the introduction of the target molecule (morphine) in the presence of the sensor caused a reduction in the sensor\u2019s fluorescence intensity, which is attributable to the formation of the sensor\u2013morphine complex. By utilizing this fluorescence quenching sensor, the chemo-selective detection of morphine becomes highly feasible, encompassing a linear range from 0.008 to 40 ppm with an impressive limit of detection of 8 ppb. Consequently, this molecular probe demonstrates a successful application in determining trace amounts of morphine within urine, yielding satisfactory analytical results. The study also explores the effect of several variables on the sensor\u2019s response and optimizes the detection of morphine in urine using a response surface methodology with a central composite design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1709785142000},"page":"1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Unveiling Morphine: A Rapid and Selective Fluorescence Sensor for Forensic and Medical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramin","family":"Boroujerdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santanu","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.108519","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and rapid detection of methamphetamine in forensic biological fluids using fluorescent apta-nanobiosensors based on CdTe quantum dots","volume":"189","author":"Elmizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016","article-title":"Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review","volume":"134","author":"Armenian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-020-04686-z","article-title":"Recent advances in the direct electrochemical detection of drugs of abuse","volume":"24","author":"Zanfrognini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruijns, B., Tiggelaar, R., Knotter, J., and van Dam, A. (2023). Use of Lateral Flow Assays in Forensics. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136201"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2022.102470","article-title":"Awareness survey on drug crime scene investigation and drug detection kits among drug-related police officers","volume":"94","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.06.014","article-title":"Portable analytical platforms for forensic chemistry: A review","volume":"1034","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boroujerdi, R., and Paul, R. (2022). Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Psychoactive Drugs. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132250"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3126","article-title":"Prevention and Treatment of Opioid Misuse and Addiction: A Review","volume":"76","author":"Volkow","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2021.12.021","article-title":"A review on Illicit drugs and biosensing advances for its rapid detection","volume":"113","author":"Anzar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, B.P., Eller, S., Borges, G.R., de Gouveia, G.C., Sebben, V.C., Arbo, M.D., and de Oliveira, T.F. (2023). A multi-analyte LC-MS\/MS method for the determination of 57 pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in plasma, and its application to poisoning cases. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 222.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.115082"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.08.012","article-title":"Integrated microsystems for controlled drug delivery","volume":"56","author":"Thwar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.03.008","article-title":"Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.06.009","article-title":"Practical guidelines for the characterization and quality control of pure drug nanoparticles and nano-cocrystals in the pharmaceutical industry","volume":"131","author":"Peltonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201100488","article-title":"The Growing Impact of Catalysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry","volume":"353","author":"Busacca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boroujerdi, R., Paul, R., and Abdelkader, A. (2022). Rapid Detection of Amitriptyline in Dried Blood and Dried Saliva Samples with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218257"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80925-4","article-title":"Value of rapid screening for acetaminophen in all patients with intentional drug overdose","volume":"18","author":"Ashbourne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SD00011C","article-title":"Highly selective detection of ethanol in biological fluids and alcoholic drinks using indium ethylenediamine functionalized graphene","volume":"1","author":"Boroujerdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1010-3","article-title":"Optimising migraine treatment: From drug-drug interactions to personalized medicine","volume":"20","author":"Pomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199812060-00006","article-title":"Important Drug-Drug Interactions in the Elderly","volume":"12","author":"Seymour","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.7.499","article-title":"Fentanyl Use, Misuse, and Abuse: A Summary of 23 Postmortem Cases","volume":"27","author":"Kuhlman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardi, A.R., Arya, R., Rosen, J.G., Thompson, E., Welwean, R., Tardif, J., Rich, J.D., and Park, J.N. (2023). Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021230"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.116006","article-title":"Recent biosensing advances in the rapid detection of illicit drugs","volume":"131","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002565","article-title":"Role of urine drug testing in the current opioid epidemic","volume":"125","author":"Mahajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analgesia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.06.014","article-title":"Electrochemical strategies for the detection of forensic drugs","volume":"11","author":"Florea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.07.049","article-title":"Construction of a sensitive and selective sensor for morphine using chitosan coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle as a modifier","volume":"58","author":"Dehdashtian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05881-1","article-title":"Boron-cluster-based porous BCN material modified electrode for electrochemical determination of morphine in serum","volume":"190","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.317","article-title":"Dioxygenases catalyze the O-demethylation steps of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy","volume":"6","author":"Hagel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/248061a0","article-title":"Narcotic Receptor Sites in Morphine-dependent Rats","volume":"248","author":"Klee","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903326","article-title":"Morphine Use after Combat Injury in Iraq and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"362","author":"Holbrook","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.20206","article-title":"Effect of Regular, Low-Dose, Extended-release Morphine on Chronic Breathlessness in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The BEAMS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"328","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.01.003","article-title":"A reassessment of trends in the medical use and abuse of opioid analgesics and implications for diversion control: 1997\u20132002","volume":"28","author":"Gilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02412-y","article-title":"Aspiration in lethal drug abuse\u2014A consequence of opioid intoxication","volume":"134","author":"Nicolakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76934-1","article-title":"Experimental sleep disruption attenuates morphine analgesia: Findings from a randomized trial and implications for the opioid abuse epidemic","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-01006.2003","article-title":"Molecular evidence for the functional role of dopamine D3 receptor in the morphine-induced rewarding effect and hyperlocomotion","volume":"23","author":"Narita","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00063-5","article-title":"Drug-activation of brain reward pathways","volume":"51","author":"Wise","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7033","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-17-07033.1998","article-title":"Increased opioid inhibition of GABA release in nucleus accumbens during morphine withdrawal","volume":"18","author":"Chieng","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90454-1","article-title":"Reinforcing effects of morphine in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"237","author":"Olds","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01289-2","article-title":"Transcriptomics in the nucleus accumbens shell reveal sex- and reinforcer-specific signatures associated with morphine and sucrose craving","volume":"47","author":"Mayberry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.11.023","article-title":"The potential role of the orexin reward system in future treatments for opioid drug abuse","volume":"1731","author":"Zarrabian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.11.003","article-title":"Reward system and addiction: What dopamine does and doesn\u2019t do","volume":"7","author":"Bassareo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.12.023","article-title":"Involvement of D1\/D2 dopamine receptors within the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area in the development of sensitization to antinociceptive effect of morphine","volume":"118","author":"Reisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05947-z","article-title":"Dopamine receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex implicate in nicotine enhanced morphine analgesia","volume":"238","author":"Sardari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.05.007","article-title":"Toxicological analysis in rats subjected to heroin and morphine overdose","volume":"166","author":"Strandberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108312","article-title":"Pharmacological data science perspective on fatal incidents of morphine treatment","volume":"241","author":"Noufal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-004-0501-0","article-title":"HPLC with laser-induced native fluorescence detection for morphine and morphine glucuronides from blood after immunoaffinity extraction","volume":"119","author":"Hupka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)82947-3","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine in biological samples: An overview of separation methods and detection techniques","volume":"488","author":"Tagliaro","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad022","article-title":"Validation of an HPLC\u2013HR-MS Method for the Determination and Quantification of Six Drugs (Morphine, Codeine, Methadone, Alprazolam, Clonazepam and Quetiapine) in Nails","volume":"47","author":"Buratti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.1989.27.11.873","article-title":"Results of Comparative Determination of Morphine in Human Hair Using RIA and GC\/MS","volume":"27","author":"Sachs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.3.177","article-title":"GC-MS Confirmation of Codeine, Morphine, 6-Acetylmorphine, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, and Oxymorphone in Urine","volume":"23","author":"Meatherall","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"20","article-title":"Stability of Extracted Morphine from Human Urine Samples at 4 \u00b0C for 7 Days","volume":"7","author":"Ghazali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bul. Sains Kesihat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110183","article-title":"Fabrication of a sensitive electrochemical sensor based on electrospun magnetic nanofibers for morphine analysis in biological samples","volume":"106","author":"Bahrami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beitollahi, H., Garkani Nejad, F., Tajik, S., and Di Bartolomeo, A. (2022). Screen-Printed Graphite Electrode Modified with Graphene-Co3O4 Nanocomposite: Voltammetric Assay of Morphine in the Presence of Diclofenac in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12193454"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.947","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence determination of codeine or morphine with an organically modified silicate film immobilizing Ru(bpy)32+","volume":"22","author":"Qiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY00764J","article-title":"Label-free immunosensor for morphine based on the electrochemiluminescence of luminol on indium\u2013tin oxide coated glass functionalized with gold nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Ya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-013-1130-4","article-title":"Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for morphine using a gold electrode modified with CdS quantum dots, polyamidoamine, and gold nanoparticles","volume":"181","author":"Fei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Q., Wang, Y., Li, X., Yang, D., Yang, Y., Yang, C., and Zhu, Y. (2023). Dual-Emission Carbon-Dot Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor for Morphine Recognition in Biological Samples. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010143"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14954","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b06371","article-title":"Supramolecular Sensors for Opiates and Their Metabolites","volume":"139","author":"Shcherbakova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5822","article-title":"Detection of saliva morphine using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with immunochromatographic assay","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Wei, Y., Fu, H., Yang, R., Zhao, Q., Zhang, H., and Cai, W. (2023). Solid chip-based detection of trace morphine in solutions via portable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 302.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.122977"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3788\/COL20090711.1055","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of morphine in silver colloid","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04274-2","article-title":"Quantitative and rapid detection of morphine and hydromorphone at the point of care by an automated giant magnetoresistive nanosensor platform","volume":"414","author":"Cortade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohani Bastami, T., Bayat, M., and Paolesse, R. (2022). Naked-Eye Detection of Morphine by Au@Ag Nanoparticles-Based Colorimetric Chemosensors. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22052072"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-99","article-title":"Emerging applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in medical microbiology field","volume":"7","author":"Shahzad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakowicz, J.R. (2006). Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46312-4"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1357759","article-title":"Investigating variations of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in wastewater treatment using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis and two-dimensional correlation","volume":"39","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloosterman, A., Mapes, A., Geradts, Z., van Eijk, E., Koper, C., van den Berg, J., Verheij, S., van der Steen, M., and van Asten, A. (2015). The interface between forensic science and technology: How technology could cause a paradigm shift in the role of forensic institutes in the criminal justice system. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 370.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0264"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe2352","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe2352","article-title":"A rapid assay provides on-site quantification of tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00714-8","article-title":"Urine drug screening in the medical setting","volume":"315","author":"Pesce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1554","article-title":"Bioluminescent sensor proteins for point-of-care therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Griss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.2006494","article-title":"Handheld Fluorometers for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101869","article-title":"Predicting cyanobacterial biovolumes from phycocyanin fluorescence using a handheld fluorometer in the field","volume":"97","author":"Puddick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200209","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202200209","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective detection of the antidepressant amitriptyline using functionalised graphene-based sensor","volume":"8","author":"Boroujerdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00181-7","article-title":"Stability and compatibility of morphine","volume":"187","author":"Vermeire","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2014.939995","article-title":"Laboratory and clinical evaluation of on-site urine drug testing","volume":"74","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1486","article-title":"Direct and efficient liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for opiates in urine drug testing\u2014Importance of 6-acetylmorphine and reduction of analytes","volume":"6","author":"Andersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123441","article-title":"On-site illicit-drug detection with an integrated near-infrared spectral sensor: A proof of concept","volume":"245","author":"Kranenburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.123048","article-title":"Emerging trends in point-of-care sensors for illicit drugs analysis","volume":"238","author":"Dagar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1684","article-title":"Electronic Health Record\u2013Embedded Decision Support Platform for Morphine Precision Dosing in Neonates","volume":"107","author":"Vinks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2016.03.011","article-title":"A new and highly selective turn-on fluorescent sensor with fast response time for the monitoring of cadmium ions in cosmetic, and health product samples","volume":"163","author":"Khani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14707","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT01504A","article-title":"Response surface methodology approach for optimization of simultaneous dye and metal ion ultrasound-assisted adsorption onto Mn doped Fe3O4-NPs loaded on AC: Kinetic and isothermal studies","volume":"44","author":"Asfaram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"614","article-title":"Response surface methodology applied for zinc removal from aqueous solutions using sphagnum peat moss as sorbent","volume":"11","author":"Kicsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2018.03.009","article-title":"Silver-choline chloride modified graphene oxide: Novel nano-bioelectrochemical sensor for celecoxib detection and CCD-RSM model","volume":"45","author":"Parsaee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.02.027","article-title":"FTIR investigation of the influence of diisocyanate symmetry on the morphology development in model segmented polyurethanes","volume":"47","author":"Yilgor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2022.100225","article-title":"Synthesis of silica and carbon-based nanomaterials from rice husk ash by ambient fiery and furnace sweltering using a chemical method","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2005.08.007","article-title":"Crystalline structure analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide by means of X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"340","author":"Oh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7448","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b02209","article-title":"Click and patterned functionalization of graphene by Diels\u2013Alder reaction","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.201300337","article-title":"BBr3-Assisted Cleavage of Most Ethers Does Not Follow the Commonly Assumed Mechanism","volume":"2013","author":"Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(96)80069-0","article-title":"An FTIR study of the bonding of methoxy on Ni(100): Effects of coadsorbed sulfur, carbon monoxide and hydrogen","volume":"360","author":"Huberty","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1039\/b602376m","article-title":"Metabolic fingerprinting in disease diagnosis: Biomedical applications of infrared and Raman spectroscopy","volume":"131","author":"Ellis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.12.020","article-title":"Gastric cancer detection based on blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy excited by polarized laser light","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9156-6","article-title":"Fluorescence-suppressed time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of pharmaceuticals using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector","volume":"408","author":"Rojalin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2018.03.058","article-title":"Adaptive handling of Rayleigh and Raman scatter of fluorescence data based on evaluation of the degree of spectral overlap","volume":"199","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2014.999936","article-title":"Review of Fluorescence Suppression Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1587","article-title":"Fluorescence and Raman spectra on painting materials: Reconstruction of spectra with mathematical methods","volume":"37","author":"Osticioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Li, J., Xu, L., Hong, W., Yang, Y., and Chen, X. (2019). The Glass-Transition Temperature of Supported PMMA Thin Films with Hydrogen Bond\/Plasmonic Interface. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040601"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1140\/epjed\/e2003-01-024-2","article-title":"Glass transition temperature of freely-standing films of atactic poly(methyl methacrylate)","volume":"12","author":"Roth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4555(199804)29:4<297::AID-JRS240>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Raman spectroscopic studies of silk fibroin from Bombyx mori","volume":"29","author":"Monti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1250210807","article-title":"Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of X\u2014Proline bonds: A new marker band of hydrogen bonding at the imide C=O site","volume":"21","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2743","article-title":"Vibrational spectra and structural studies of nonlinear optical crystal ammonium D, L-tartrate: A density functional theoretical approach","volume":"42","author":"Vidya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903675106","article-title":"Observation of water dangling OH bonds around dissolved nonpolar groups","volume":"106","author":"Perera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2023.100867","article-title":"Synchronous fluorescence techniques for the detection and monitoring of selected fluorescent dyes in binary and multifluorophoric mixtures","volume":"5","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-022-03136-5","article-title":"Authentication of COVID-19 Vaccines Using Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy","volume":"33","author":"Assi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Aziz, H.A., Fathy, M.E., El-Enany, N., Aly, F.A., and Tolba, M.M. (2022). Concurrent estimation of some co-administered antimicrobial drugs applying conventional and first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 264.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.120255"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1021\/es60126a012","article-title":"Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and its application to indigenous and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in lacustrine sediments","volume":"11","author":"Wakeham","year":"1977","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2013.03.025","article-title":"Fluorescence self-quenching of tetraphenylporphyrin in liquid medium","volume":"141","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b03686","article-title":"Fluorescence Self-Quenching from Reporter Dyes Informs on the Structural Properties of Amyloid Clusters Formed In Vitro and in Cells","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000221457.71536.e0","article-title":"Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures of the Effects of Morphine on Central Nervous System Circuitry in Opioid-Naive Healthy Volunteers","volume":"103","author":"Becerra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03004579","article-title":"An experimental study of the mechanism of action of ketamine on the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. Anaesth. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.84","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the central nervous system effects of midazolam and its main metabolite \u03b1-hydroxymidazolam in healthy volunteers","volume":"51","author":"Mandona","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"137","article-title":"The Actions of Nicotine on Central Nervous System Functions","volume":"14","author":"Silvette","year":"1962","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.2c00081","article-title":"Discovery of Benzylpiperazine Derivatives as CNS-Penetrant and Selective Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.147","article-title":"Fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy as demonstrated by measuring the activation of the serine\/threonine kinase Akt","volume":"8","author":"Broussard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noun, F., Jury, E.A., and Naccache, R. (2021). Elucidating the Quenching Mechanism in Carbon Dot-Metal Interactions\u2013Designing Sensitive and Selective Optical Probes. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041391"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21548","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21548","article-title":"\u03bc Opioid receptor: Novel antagonists and structural modeling","volume":"6","author":"Kaserer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.13.244","article-title":"The challenges of LC\u2013MS\/MS analysis of opiates and opioids in urine","volume":"5","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa157","article-title":"Heroin-Related Compounds and Metabolic Ratios in Postmortem Samples Using LC\u2013MS-MS","volume":"45","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yen, Y.-T., Chang, Y.-J., Lai, P.-J., Chang, C.-L., Chen, T.-Y., and Chyueh, S.-C. (2020). A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS\/MS. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040972"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2005.07.005","article-title":"Effects of solvent polarity and solvent viscosity on the fluorescent properties of molecular rotors and related probes","volume":"33","author":"Haidekker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-006-9048-4","article-title":"Stochastic modeling approaches based on neural network and linear\u2013nonlinear regression techniques for the determination of single droplet collection efficiency of countercurrent spray towers","volume":"12","author":"Yetilmezsoy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.06.035","article-title":"Response surface modeling of Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution by Pistacia vera L.: Box\u2013Behnken experimental design","volume":"171","author":"Yetilmezsoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boroujerdi, R., and Paul, R. (2022). Introducing Graphene\u2013Indium Oxide Electrochemical Sensor for Detecting Ethanol in Aqueous Samples with CCD-RSM Optimization. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10020042"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119692","article-title":"Fabrication of a magnetic composite by CoFe2O4 and an inorganic polymer for simultaneous photo-degradation of organic pollutants under visible LED light: Bandgap engineering, CCD-RSM modeling, and resolving spectral overlap of analytes","volume":"362","author":"Musabeygi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s13738-022-02710-9","article-title":"Chemometric assisted RSM\u2013CCD strategy for optimization of RP-HPLC conditions and its application for simultaneous determination of multiclass pesticides in plant protection products","volume":"20","author":"Khurshid","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Iran. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2003.09.018","article-title":"Optimal production of sulphuric acid by Thiobacillus thiooxidans using response surface methodology","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.10.046","article-title":"Optimization of process parameters for microwave pyrolysis of oil palm fiber (OPF) for hydrogen and biochar production","volume":"133","author":"Ganesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaleb, A.A., Kutty, S.R., Ho, Y.-C., Jagaba, A.H., Noor, A., Al-Sabaeei, A.M., and Almahbashi, N.M. (2020). Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Methane Production from Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Oily-Biological Sludge and Sugarcane Bagasse. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12052116"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00046","article-title":"Morphine Use in Cancer Surgery","volume":"2","author":"Afsharimani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1949.62910160003009","article-title":"New analgesics. 2. A clinical appraisal of the narcotic power of methadone and its isomers","volume":"141","author":"Denton","year":"1949","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1954.02950030022008","article-title":"The Optimal Dose of Morphine","volume":"156","author":"Lasagna","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"2674","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for pain control after spinal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2005.00048.x","article-title":"Extended-Release Epidural Morphine (DepoDur\u2122): An Old Drug with a New Profile","volume":"5","author":"Alam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198102000-00007","article-title":"Intrathecal injection of morphine for obstetric analgesia","volume":"54","author":"Baraka","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2012.0434","article-title":"Dose Ratios between High Dose Oral Morphine or Equivalents and Oral Methadone","volume":"16","author":"Chatham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Misuse of and dependence on opioids: Study of chronic pain patients","volume":"52","author":"Meldon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138451","article-title":"Optimization and analytical behavior of a morphine electrochemical sensor in environmental and biological samples based on graphite rod electrode using graphene\/Co3O4 nanocomposite","volume":"326","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.03.023","article-title":"Comparative mortality among Department of Veterans Affairs patients prescribed methadone or long-acting morphine for chronic pain","volume":"152","author":"Krebs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2018.e00059","article-title":"Opioid occurrence in environmental water samples\u2014A review","volume":"20","author":"Ferrer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.11.026","article-title":"Morphine Concentrations in Human Urine Following Poppy Seed Paste Consumption","volume":"295","author":"Koruyucu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmaa108","article-title":"Plant extract and herbal products as potential source of sorbent for analytical purpose: An experimental study of morphine and codeine determination using HPLC and LC\u2013MSMS","volume":"59","author":"Khatami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.107127","article-title":"Fabrication of morphine detector based on quartz@Au-layer biosensor","volume":"175","author":"Soltanabadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2021.3060181","article-title":"Magnetic Resistance Sensory System for the Quantitative Measurement of Morphine","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AY00648C","article-title":"Detection of morphine in urine based on a surface plasmon resonance imaging immunoassay","volume":"12","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY02091G","article-title":"Mean centering of ratio spectra for colorimetric determination of morphine and codeine in pharmaceuticals and biological samples using melamine modified gold nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Mohseni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12506-9","article-title":"Simultaneous electrochemical determination of morphine and methadone by using CMK-5 mesoporous carbon and multivariate calibration","volume":"12","author":"Habibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134738","article-title":"Broken hollow carbon spheres decorated by gold nanodendrites as the advanced electrochemical sensing platform for sensitive tracing of morphine in human serum and saliva","volume":"398","author":"Imanzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.110629","article-title":"Three-dimensional hierarchical Co3O4\/carbon composite: Hydrothermal synthesis and morphine electrochemical sensing application","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN02057E","article-title":"Quantitative detection of morphine based on an up-conversion luminescent system","volume":"146","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2021.100041","article-title":"Field amplified sample stacking and in-capillary derivatization for forensic analysis of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in human urine by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"3","author":"Zarad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-3050-9","article-title":"Fluorometric determination of morphine via its effect on the quenching of fluorescein by gold nanoparticles through a surface energy transfer process","volume":"185","author":"Nebu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:16Z","timestamp":1760105416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24061722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24061722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}