{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1784114360465,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past 20 years, the high prevalence of diabetes has become a global public health problem. Background: The objective of this study was to develop a non-invasive screening method for diabetes which will enable the detection of the disease at an early stage. Methods: This study included 63 adult patients of both sexes: 30 patients with type 2 diabetes (t2DM) and 33 healthy volunteers. The temperature distribution on the tongue\u2019s dorsum and apex surface was studied in patients after a mouth-cooling procedure had been introduced. The study used an FLIR T540 thermal imaging camera. An analysis of the correlation between the \u2206T values of the tongue dorsum and apex and the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level was performed. Results: The median of the average dorsum temperature measured 10 min after mouth rinsing was almost 0.8 [\u00b0C] lower than for healthy individuals. Also, studies showed a positive average correlation with a Pearson coefficient of r = 0.46 between the HbA1c level and the \u2206T of the tongue dorsum. Conclusions: Tongue temperature measured using the IRT showed a correlation with standard biochemical parameters; it may also differentiate patients and constitute a specific screening method for patients with t2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T07:09:28Z","timestamp":1712819368000},"page":"2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Thermal Imaging of the Tongue Surface as a Predictive Method in the Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5720-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Wzi\u0105tek-Kuczmik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"\u015awi\u0105tkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Cholewka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8399-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Mrowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Niedzielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, January 27). 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