{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:06:46Z","timestamp":1787029606222,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGG22F030008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGG22F030008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023Z153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo City","award":["LGG22F030008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGG22F030008"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo City","award":["2023Z153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) can identify each electrical load and its operating state in a household by using the voltage and current data measured at a single point on the bus, thereby behaving as a key technology for smart grid construction and effective energy consumption. The existing NILM methods mainly focus on the identification of pre-trained loads, which can achieve high identification accuracy and satisfying outcomes. However, unknown load identification is rarely involved among those methods and the scalability of NILM is still a crucial problem at the current stage. In light of this, we have proposed a non-intrusive load identification method based on a Siamese network, which can be retrained after the detection of an unknown load to increase the identification accuracy for unknown loads. The proposed Siamese network comprises a fixed convolutional neural network (CNN) and two retrainable back propagation (BP) networks. When an unknown load is detected, the low-dimensional features of its voltage\u2013current (V-I) trajectory are extracted by using the fixed CNN model, and the BP networks are retrained online. The finetuning of BP network parameters through retraining can improve the representation ability of the network model; thus, a high accuracy of unknown load identification can be achieved by updating the Siamese network in real time. The public WHITED and PLAID datasets are used for the validation of the proposed method. Finally, the practicality and scalability of the method are demonstrated using a real-house environment test to prove the ability of online retraining on an embedded Linux system with STM32MP1 as the core.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T08:22:44Z","timestamp":1713342164000},"page":"2562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Non-Intrusive Load Identification Based on Retrainable Siamese Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lingxia","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Song","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanju","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7638-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.106834","article-title":"A Blind Event-Based Learning Algorithm for Non-Intrusive Load Disaggregation","volume":"129","author":"Qureshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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