{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:00:55Z","timestamp":1788865255365,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"]}]},{"name":"Spanish companies APLIFISA and COPASA","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"]}]},{"name":"Spanish companies APLIFISA and COPASA","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180355"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVEX IDI-20180354"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Livestock monitoring is a task traditionally carried out through direct observation by experienced caretakers. By analyzing its behavior, it is possible to predict to a certain degree events that require human action, such as calving. However, this continuous monitoring is in many cases not feasible. In this work, we propose, develop and evaluate the accuracy of intelligent algorithms that operate on data obtained by low-cost sensors to determine the state of the animal in the terms used by the caregivers (grazing, ruminating, walking, etc.). The best results have been obtained using aggregations and averages of the time series with support vector classifiers and tree-based ensembles, reaching accuracies of 57% for the general behavior problem (4 classes) and 85% for the standing behavior problem (2 classes). This is a preliminary step to the realization of event-specific predictions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T06:44:31Z","timestamp":1715841871000},"page":"3157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Cattle Activity Using Sensor-Based Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n BISITE, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6396-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITAP (Instituto de las Tecnolog\u00edas Avanzadas de la Producci\u00f3n), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4726-7103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n BISITE, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7768-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Brizuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITAP (Instituto de las Tecnolog\u00edas Avanzadas de la Producci\u00f3n), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2877-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Carlos","family":"Fraile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITAP (Instituto de las Tecnolog\u00edas Avanzadas de la Producci\u00f3n), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2017). 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