{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T02:15:44Z","timestamp":1789438544433,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Energy\u2019s Office of Fossil Energy","award":["DE-FE0031579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FE0031579"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LF-DAS) is a diagnostic tool for hydraulic fracture propagation with far-field monitoring using fiber optic sensors. LF-DAS senses strain rate variation caused by stress field change due to fracture propagation. Fiber optic sensors are installed in the monitoring wells in the vicinity of a fractured well. From the strain responses, fracture propagation can be evaluated. To understand subsurface conditions with multiple propagating fractures, a laboratory-scale hydraulic fracture experiment was performed simulating the LF-DAS response to fracture propagation with embedded distributed optical fiber strain sensors under these conditions. The experiment was performed using a transparent cube of epoxy with two parallel radial initial flaws centered in the cube. Fluid was injected into the sample to generate fractures along the initial flaws. The experiment used distributed high-definition fiber optic strain sensors with tight spatial resolutions. The sensors were embedded at two different locations on opposite sides of the initial flaws, serving as observation\/monitoring locations. We also employed finite element modeling to numerically solve the linear elastic equations of equilibrium continuity and stress\u2013strain relationships. The measured strains from the experiment were compared to simulation results from the finite element model. The experimentally derived strain and strain-rate waterfall plots from this study show the responses to both fractures propagating, while the fracture at the lower position took most of the fluid during the experiment. Interestingly, a fracture first began propagating from the upper flaw of the two flaws, but once the lower fracture was initiated, it grew much faster than the upper fracture. Both fibers were intercepted by the lower fracture, further verifying the strain signature as a fracture is approaching and intersecting an offset fiber.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T06:29:43Z","timestamp":1718605783000},"page":"3880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Experimental Investigation of Low-Frequency Distributed Acoustic Sensor Responses to Two Parallel Propagating Fractures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Chevron, 1600 Smith Street, Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Pioneer Natural Resources, 777 Hidden Rdg, Irving, TX 75038, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Daniel","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Observation Lateral Project: Direct Measurement of Far-Field Drainage in the Bakken","volume":"38","author":"Cipolla","year":"2023","journal-title":"SPE Prod. Oper."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haustveit, K., Elliott, B., Haffener, J., Ketter, C., O\u2019Brien, J., Almasoodi, M., Moos, S., Klaassen, T., Dahlgren, K., and Ingle, T. (2020, January 4\u20136). Monitoring the Pulse of a Well Through Sealed Wellbore Pressure Monitoring, a Breakthrough Diagnostic With a Multi-Basin Case Study. 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