{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:26:09Z","timestamp":1790832369639,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOST, Taiwan","award":["MOST 108-2221-E-027-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2221-E-027-097"]}]},{"name":"MOST, Taiwan","award":["T2023-02\u201309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2023-02\u201309"]}]},{"name":"University of Danang","award":["MOST 108-2221-E-027-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2221-E-027-097"]}]},{"name":"University of Danang","award":["T2023-02\u201309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2023-02\u201309"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, posture recognition technology has advanced rapidly. Herein, we present a novel posture angle calculation system utilizing a single inertial measurement unit and a spatial geometric equation to accurately identify the three-dimensional (3D) motion angles and postures of both the upper and lower limbs of the human body. This wearable system facilitates continuous monitoring of body movements without the spatial limitations or occlusion issues associated with camera-based methods. This posture-recognition system has many benefits. Providing precise posture change information helps users assess the accuracy of their movements, prevent sports injuries, and enhance sports performance. This system employs a single inertial sensor, coupled with a filtering mechanism, to calculate the sensor\u2019s trajectory and coordinates in 3D space. Subsequently, the spatial geometry equation devised herein accurately computed the joint angles for changing body postures. To validate its effectiveness, the joint angles estimated from the proposed system were compared with those from dual inertial sensors and image recognition technology. The joint angle discrepancies for this system were within 10\u00b0 and 5\u00b0 when compared with dual inertial sensors and image recognition technology, respectively. Such reliability and accuracy of the proposed angle estimation system make it a valuable reference for assessing joint angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1719910899000},"page":"4306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Three-Dimensional Human Posture Recognition by Extremity Angle Estimation with Minimal IMU Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9543-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaojung","family":"Shiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"},{"name":"Railway Vehicle Research Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thang","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Transportation Mechanical Engineering, The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.Y., Chuang, L.W., Huang, C.C., Lin, K.J., and Fahn, C.S. 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