{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:06:45Z","timestamp":1761898005697,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","award":["RGPIN-2020-04057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04057"]}]},{"name":"Alberta Graduate Excellence Scholarship","award":["RGPIN-2020-04057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04057"]}]},{"name":"University of Calgary (John D Petrie QC Memorial Scholarship and Brain Create)","award":["RGPIN-2020-04057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04057"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship\u2014Doctoral Program)","award":["RGPIN-2020-04057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04057"]}]},{"name":"Brain Canada Grant","award":["RGPIN-2020-04057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04057"]}]},{"name":"Branch Out Neurological Foundation Grant","award":["RGPIN-2020-04057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Concussion is known to cause transient autonomic and cerebrovascular dysregulation that generally recovers; however, few studies have focused on individuals with an extensive concussion history. Method: The case was a 26-year-old male with a history of 10 concussions, diagnosed for bipolar type II disorder, mild attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and a history of migraines\/headaches. The case was medicated with Valproic Acid and Escitalopram. Sensor-based baseline data were collected within six months of his injury and on days 1\u20135, 10, and 14 post-injury. Symptom reporting, heart rate variability (HRV), neurovascular coupling (NVC), and dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) assessments were completed using numerous biomedical devices (i.e., transcranial Doppler ultrasound, 3-lead electrocardiography, finger photoplethysmography). Results: Total symptom and symptom severity scores were higher for the first-week post-injury, with physical and emotional symptoms being the most impacted. The NVC response showed lowered activation in the first three days post-injury, while autonomic (HRV) and autoregulation (dCA) were impaired across all testing visits occurring in the first 14 days following his concussion. Conclusions: Despite symptom resolution, the case demonstrated ongoing autonomic and autoregulatory dysfunction. Larger samples examining individuals with an extensive history of concussion are warranted to understand the chronic physiological changes that occur following cumulative concussions through biosensing devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T09:01:19Z","timestamp":1720429279000},"page":"4404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sensor-Assisted Analysis of Autonomic and Cerebrovascular Dysregulation following Concussion in an Individual with a History of Ten Concussions: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Courtney M.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9756-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel S.","family":"Burma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Smirl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: The 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022","volume":"57","author":"Patricios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000505","article-title":"The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion","volume":"75","author":"Giza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"228","article-title":"The neurometabolic cascade of concussion","volume":"36","author":"Giza","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097464","article-title":"What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Kamins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, A.D., Smirl, J.D., Bryk, K., Fraser, S., Jakovac, M., and van Donkelaar, P. (2018). Sport-related concussion alters indices of dynamic cerebral autoregulation. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00196"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1203","article-title":"Clinical Risk Score for Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms Among Children with Acute Concussion in the ED","volume":"315","author":"Zemek","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106657","article-title":"What tests and measures accurately diagnose persisting post-concussive symptoms in children, adolescents and adults following sport-related concussion? A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Yeates","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2007-22306","article-title":"Regulatory and autoregulatory physiological dysfunction as a primary characteristic of post concussion syndrome: Implications for treatment","volume":"22","author":"Leddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1118","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00267.2016","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury-induced autoregulatory dysfunction and spreading depression-related neurovascular uncoupling: Pathomechanisms, perspectives, and therapeutic implications","volume":"311","author":"Toth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000944","article-title":"Cerebrovascular regulation, exercise, and mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"83","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roby, P.R., Mozel, A.E., Grady, M.F., Master, C.L., and Arbogast, K.B. (2024). Neurovascular Coupling in Acutely Concussed Adolescent Patients. J. Neurotrauma.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0192"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forcione, M., Chiarelli, A.M., Perpetuini, D., Davies, D.J., O\u2019Halloran, P., Hacker, D., Merla, A., and Belli, A. (2020). Tomographic Task-Related Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Acute Sport-Related Concussion: An Observational Case Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176273"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172298","article-title":"Concussion and the autonomic nervous system: An introduction to the field and the results of a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Pertab","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3989","article-title":"Persisting Effects of Concussion on Heart Rate Variability during Physical Exertion","volume":"33","author":"Abaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000135787.73757.4D","article-title":"Heart rate variability of recently concussed athletes at rest and exercise","volume":"36","author":"Gall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000734","article-title":"Autonomic Dysregulation in Adolescent Concussion Is Sex- and Posture-Dependent","volume":"31","author":"Balestrini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R575","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00499.2016","article-title":"Sport-related concussion induces transient cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction","volume":"312","author":"Dobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000355","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000355","article-title":"Heart rate variability following youth concussion: How do autonomic regulation and concussion symptoms differ over time postinjury?","volume":"4","author":"Paniccia","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport. Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4397","article-title":"Early Subthreshold Aerobic Exercise for Sport-Related Concussion: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"173","author":"Leddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000525","article-title":"Sport concussion and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in student athletes: A cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Iverson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23259671211032564","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211032564","article-title":"Concussion Incidence and Recovery Among Youth Athletes With ADHD Taking Stimulant-Based Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12726","article-title":"Sex-Related Differences in the Effects of Sports-Related Concussion: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Koerte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106682","article-title":"Clinical recovery from concussion-return to school and sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Putukian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000705","article-title":"Preinjury and Postinjury Factors That Predict Sports-Related Concussion and Clinical Recovery Time","volume":"31","author":"Putukian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langer, L.K., Alavinia, S.M., Lawrence, D.W., Munce, S.E.P., Kam, A., Tam, A., Ruttan, L., Comper, P., and Bayley, M.T. (2021). Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003652"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2316383","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.16383","article-title":"Partnering With Patients, Caregivers, and Clinicians to Determine Research Priorities for Concussion","volume":"6","author":"Osmond","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199309000-00010","article-title":"Definition of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Head. Trauma. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.268953","article-title":"Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow","volume":"592","author":"Willie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00630.2021","article-title":"Time-course recovery of cerebral blood velocity metrics post aerobic exercise: A systematic review","volume":"133","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097506","article-title":"The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (SCAT5): Background and rationale","volume":"51","author":"Echemendia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000431","article-title":"Safety and Prognostic Utility of Provocative Exercise Testing in Acutely Concussed Adolescents: A Randomized Trial","volume":"28","author":"Leddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00955.2020","article-title":"The validity and reliability of ultra-short-term heart rate variability parameters and the influence of physiological covariates","volume":"130","author":"Burma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221084400","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling on trial: How the number of trials completed impacts the accuracy and precision of temporally derived neurovascular coupling estimates","volume":"42","author":"Burma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15020","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15020","article-title":"Does task complexity impact the neurovascular coupling response similarly between males and females?","volume":"9","author":"Burma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.06.007","article-title":"Where\u2019s Waldo? The utility of a complicated visual search paradigm for transcranial Doppler-based assessments of neurovascular coupling","volume":"270","author":"Smirl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Handford, M., and Little, B. (1987). Where\u2019s Waldo?, Candlewick Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaffer, F., and Ginsberg, J.P. (2017). An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. Front. Public Health, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15626425","article-title":"Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation: A white paper from the International Cerebral Autoregulation Research Network","volume":"36","author":"Claassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221119760","article-title":"Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation: A CARNet white paper 2022 update","volume":"43","author":"Panerai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaffer, F., McCraty, R., and Zerr, C.L. (2014). A healthy heart is not a metronome: An integrative review of the heart\u2019s anatomy and heart rate variability. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01040"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0119-0","article-title":"Heart rate variability: A review","volume":"44","author":"Kannathal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2005.10101.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Measurement and clinical utility","volume":"10","author":"Kleiger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H350","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00107.2022","article-title":"On the use and misuse of cerebral hemodynamics terminology using transcranial Doppler ultrasound: A call for standardization","volume":"323","author":"Skow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4072","article-title":"Cerebral Blood Flow Alterations in Acute Sport-Related Concussion","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2019.04.004","article-title":"Reduced heart rate variability and lower cerebral blood flow associated with poor cognition during recovery following concussion","volume":"220","author":"Purkayastha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9946-5","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in acute concussion: Preliminary ASL findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE consortium","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.02.015","article-title":"The first week after concussion: Blood flow, brain function and white matter microstructure","volume":"14","author":"Churchill","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00170.2022","article-title":"Do mean values tell the full story? Cardiac cycle and biological sex comparisons in temporally derived neurovascular coupling metrics","volume":"134","author":"Burma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0190","article-title":"Saliva Cortisol as a Biomarker of Injury in Youth Sport-Related Concussion","volume":"40","author":"Tabor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5688\/aj710478","article-title":"Physiology of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"71","author":"McCorry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1226385","article-title":"Parasympathetic baroreflexes and heart rate variability during acute stage of sport concussion recovery","volume":"31","author":"Bishop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12487","article-title":"Heart rate variability and implication for sport concussion","volume":"38","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000337","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability of Athletes Across Concussion Recovery Milestones: A Preliminary Study","volume":"27","author":"Senthinathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6782","article-title":"An introduction into autonomic nervous function","volume":"38","author":"Karemaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R452","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00291.2020","article-title":"Determinants of cerebral blood flow velocity change during squat-stand maneuvers","volume":"320","author":"Panerai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"H233","article-title":"Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans","volume":"274","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106897","article-title":"Beyond acute concussion assessment to office management: A systematic review informing the development of a Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool (SCOAT6) for adults and children","volume":"57","author":"Patricios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106860","article-title":"Introducing the Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool 6 (SCOAT6)","volume":"57","author":"Patricios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/1535759719835366","article-title":"Valproic Acid Leads New Neurons Down the Wrong Path","volume":"19","author":"Danzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E319","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.200121","article-title":"A single dose of escitalopram blunts the neural response in the thalamus and caudate during monetary loss","volume":"46","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, N.E., Sapigao, R.G., Silverberg, N.D., Maxwell, B.A., Zafonte, R., Berkner, P.D., and Iverson, G.L. (2020). Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Mimics the Post-concussion Syndrome in Adolescents. Front. Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00002"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2374","article-title":"Factors Associated With Concussion-like Symptom Reporting in High School Athletes","volume":"169","author":"Iverson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00870-y","article-title":"Utilizing the Biopsychosocial Model in Concussion Treatment: Post-Traumatic Headache and beyond","volume":"24","author":"DeFreese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pain. Headache Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4404\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:11:25Z","timestamp":1760109085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24134404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24134404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]}}}