{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:53:14Z","timestamp":1790139194374,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2021S1A5A806440412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021S1A5A806440412"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of two wearable smartwatches (the Apple Watch 6 (AW) and the Galaxy Watch 4 (GW)) and smartphone applications (Apple Health for iPhone mobiles and Samsung Health for Android mobiles) for estimating step counts in daily life. A total of 104 healthy adults (36 AW, 25 GW, and 43 smartphone application users) were engaged in daily activities for 24 h while wearing an ActivPAL accelerometer on the thigh and a smartwatch on the wrist. The validities of the smartwatch and smartphone estimates of step counts were evaluated relative to criterion values obtained from an ActivPAL accelerometer. The strongest relationship between the ActivPAL accelerometer and the devices was found for the AW (r = 0.99, p &lt; 0.001), followed by the GW (r = 0.82, p &lt; 0.001), and the smartphone applications (r = 0.93, p &lt; 0.001). For overall group comparisons, the MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) values (computed as the average absolute value of the group-level errors) were 6.4%, 10.5%, and 29.6% for the AW, GW, and smartphone applications, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that the AW and GW showed strong validity in measuring steps, while the smartphone applications did not provide reliable step counts in free-living conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1721291952000},"page":"4658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Apple Watch 6 vs. Galaxy Watch 4: A Validity Study of Step-Count Estimation in Daily Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6233-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu-Ri","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17014, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0900-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Whi","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17014, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17014, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo-Hyung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Research Center, Global Campus, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17014, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17014, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2017.1325486","article-title":"Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions","volume":"32","author":"Rhodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. 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