{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:18Z","timestamp":1760145498395,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FR81051","145-MovAMP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR81051","145-MovAMP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"INTER-Interactive Technologies of Engineering in Rehabilitation","award":["FR81051","145-MovAMP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR81051","145-MovAMP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The company Ethnocare has developed the Overlay, a new pneumatic solution for managing volumetric variations (VVs) of the residual limb (RL) in transtibial amputees (TTAs), which improves socket fitting. However, the impact of the Overlay during functional tasks and on the comfort and pain felt in the RL is unknown. Methods: 8 TTAs participated in two evaluations, separated by two weeks. We measured compensatory strategies (CS) using spatio-temporal parameters and three-dimensional lower limb kinematics and kinetics during gait and sit-to-stand (STS) tasks. During each visit, the participant carried out our protocol while wearing the Overlay and prosthetic folds (PFs), the most common solution to VV. Between each task, comfort and pain felt were assessed using visual analog scales. Results: While walking, the cadence with the Overlay was 105 steps\/min, while it was 101 steps\/min with PFs (p = 0.021). During 35% and 55% of the STS cycle, less hip flexion was observed while wearing the Overlay compared to PFs (p = 0.004). We found asymmetry coefficients of 13.9% with the Overlay and 17% with PFs during the STS (p = 0.016) task. Pain (p = 0.031), comfort (p = 0.017), and satisfaction (p = 0.041) were better with the Overlay during the second visit. Conclusion: The Overlay\u2019s impact is similar to PFs\u2019 but provides less pain and better comfort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T14:45:53Z","timestamp":1721659553000},"page":"4744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Overlay, a New Solution for Volume Variations in the Residual Limb for Individuals with a Transtibial Amputation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Badaire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en R\u00e9adaptation et Int\u00e9gration Sociale (Cirris)\u2014525, Boul. Wilfrid-Hamel, Aile H Local 1300, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Kin\u00e9siologie, Pavillon de l\u2019\u00c9ducation Physique et des Sports, Universit\u00e9 Laval, (PEPS) 2300, rue de la Terrasse, Local 2144, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime T.","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en R\u00e9adaptation et Int\u00e9gration Sociale (Cirris)\u2014525, Boul. Wilfrid-Hamel, Aile H Local 1300, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9cole des Sciences de la R\u00e9adaptation, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Local 4770, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-3459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Turcot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en R\u00e9adaptation et Int\u00e9gration Sociale (Cirris)\u2014525, Boul. Wilfrid-Hamel, Aile H Local 1300, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Kin\u00e9siologie, Pavillon de l\u2019\u00c9ducation Physique et des Sports, Universit\u00e9 Laval, (PEPS) 2300, rue de la Terrasse, Local 2144, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.108.6093","article-title":"Incidence of Lower Limb Amputation in Canada","volume":"108","author":"Imam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0009.8980","article-title":"Analysis of Selected Factors Determining Quality of Life in Patients after Lower Limb Amputation\u2014A Review Article","volume":"89","author":"Chabowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MPOT.2016.2614756","article-title":"Trends and Challenges in Lower Limb Prosthesis","volume":"36","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804746","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.804746","article-title":"Characterizing the Gait of People with Different Types of Amputation and Prosthetic Components through Multimodal Measurements: A Methodological Perspective","volume":"3","author":"Ranaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Rehabil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105811","article-title":"Whole Body Movement Strategies during Sit-to-Stand and Stair Ascent in Individuals with a Lower Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review","volume":"100","author":"Miramand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.119","article-title":"The Effect of Transverse Prosthetic Alignment Changes on Socket Reaction Moments during Gait in Individuals with Transtibial Amputation","volume":"65","author":"Hashimto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.012","article-title":"Effect of Alignment Changes on Socket Reaction Moments during Gait in Transfemoral and Knee-Disarticulation Prostheses: Case Series","volume":"46","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2006.11.0147","article-title":"Review of Secondary Physical Conditions Associated with Lower-Limb Amputation and Long-Term Prosthesis Use","volume":"45","author":"Gailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.04.0085","article-title":"How Do Walking, Standing, and Resting Influence Transtibial Amputee Residual Limb Fluid Volume?","volume":"51","author":"Sanders","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.09.0189","article-title":"Residual Limb Volume Change: Systematic Review of Measurement and Management","volume":"48","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617752983","article-title":"Residual Limb Fluid Volume Change and Volume Accommodation","volume":"42","author":"Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364618785729","article-title":"Effects of Activity Intensity, Time, and Intermittent Doffing on Daily Limb Fluid Volume Change in People with Transtibial Amputation","volume":"43","author":"Youngblood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.33137\/cpoj.v4i2.35208","article-title":"Adjustable-Volume Prosthetic Sockets: Market Overview and Value Propositions","volume":"4","author":"Klenow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Prosthet. Orthot. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12133","article-title":"A Prospective Assessment of an Adjustable, Immediate Fit, Transtibial Prosthesis","volume":"11","author":"Dillingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J., Lee, H., Seo, D.W., Lee, D., Kwon, O., Kwak, M.K., and Lee, K.H. (2021). A Prosthetic Socket with Active Volume Compensation for Amputated Lower Limb. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020407"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16754","DOI":"10.3390\/s140916754","article-title":"Development of an Air Pneumatic Suspension System for Transtibial Prostheses","volume":"14","author":"Pirouzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617706748","article-title":"Predict the Medicare Functional Classification Level (K-Level) Using the Amputee Mobility Predictor in People with Unilateral Transfemoral and Transtibial Amputation: A Pilot Study","volume":"42","author":"Dillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000028","article-title":"Effects of Adaptation to a Functionally New Prosthetic Lower-Limb Component","volume":"26","author":"Schmalz","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPO J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2022.04.013","article-title":"The 6-Minute Walk Test: Indications and Guidelines for Use in Outpatient Practices","volume":"18","author":"Kammin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6","article-title":"ISB Recommendation on Definitions of Joint Coordinate System of Various Joints for the Reporting of Human Joint Motion\u2014Part I: Ankle, Hip, and Spine","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.04.033","article-title":"Assessment of Biomechanical Deficits in Individuals with a Trans-Tibial Amputation during Level Gait Using One-Dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping","volume":"87","author":"Moisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.01.005","article-title":"Sit-to-Stand Alterations in Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"36","author":"Turcot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199211000-00023","article-title":"Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function","volume":"12","author":"Perry","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.051","article-title":"Zero- vs. One-Dimensional, Parametric vs. Non-Parametric, and Confidence Interval vs. Hypothesis Testing Procedures in One-Dimensional Biomechanical Trajectory Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Pataky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.01.017","article-title":"Adaptation Strategies of the Lower Extremities of Patients with a Transtibial or Transfemoral Amputation during Level Walking: A Systematic Review","volume":"92","author":"Prinsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613497742","article-title":"Altered Movement Strategies in Sit-to-Stand Task in Persons with Transtibial Amputation","volume":"38","author":"Angin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2011.586060","article-title":"Weight Distribution Symmetry during the Sit-to-Stand Movement of Unilateral Transtibial Amputees","volume":"54","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364618791620","article-title":"The Development and Internal Consistency of the Comprehensive Lower Limb Amputee Socket Survey in Active Lower Limb Amputees","volume":"43","author":"Gailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.12.0316","article-title":"Preliminary Evaluation of a Novel Bladder-Liner for Facilitating Residual Limb Fluid Volume Recovery without Doffing","volume":"53","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.03.003","article-title":"Effects of Socket Size on Metrics of Socket Fit in Trans-Tibial Prosthesis Users","volume":"44","author":"Sanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4744\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:54Z","timestamp":1760109654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24144744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24144744","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]}}}