{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:26:39Z","timestamp":1792081599214,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (JSPS) KAKENHI","award":["22K17626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K17626"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive muscle co-contraction is one of the factors related to the progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). A previous study demonstrated that pain, joint instability, lateral thrust, weight, and lower extremity alignment were listed as factors affecting excessive co-contraction in knee OA. However, this study aimed to assess the association between fear-avoidance beliefs and muscle co-contraction during gait and stair climbing in people with knee OA. Twenty-four participants with knee OA participated in this cross-sectional study. Co-contraction ratios (CCRs) were used to calculate muscle co-contraction during walking and stair climbing, using surface electromyography. Fear-avoidance beliefs were assessed by the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11) for kinesiophobia and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) for pain catastrophizing. Secondary parameters that may influence co-contraction, such as degree of pain, lateral thrust, weight, and lower extremity alignment, were measured. The relationships between the CCR during each movement, TSK-11, and PSC were evaluated using Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient and partial correlation analysis, adjusted by weight and lower extremity alignment. Partial correlation analysis showed a significant correlation only between medial muscles CCR and TSK-11 during stair descent (r = 0.54, p &lt; 0.05). Our study revealed that kinesiophobia could be associated with co-contraction during stair descent in people with knee OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T15:04:24Z","timestamp":1723129464000},"page":"5137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Relationship between Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Muscle Co-Contraction in People with Knee Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Takanori","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka Orthopaedic Hospital, Fukuoka 815-0063, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6969-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Nishigami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 723-005, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0276-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryota","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Osaka 597-0104, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6141-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Mibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Women\u2019s University, Hyogo 658-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic, Fukuoka Orthopaedic Hospital, Fukuoka 815-0063, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-009-0080-8","article-title":"Prevalence of Knee Osteoarthritis, Lumbar Spondylosis, and Osteoporosis in Japanese Men and Women: The Research on Osteoarthritis\/Osteoporosis against Disability Study","volume":"27","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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