{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:37:40Z","timestamp":1787060260525,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Georgetown University Department of Medicine","award":["1701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["1701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701"]}]},{"name":"Human Development and the National Cancer Institute","award":["1701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phonocardiography (PCG) is used as an adjunct to teach cardiac auscultation and is now a function of PCG-capable stethoscopes (PCS). To evaluate the efficacy of PCG and PCS, the authors investigated the impact of providing PCG data and PCSs on how frequently murmurs, rubs, and gallops (MRGs) were correctly identified by third-year medical students. Following their internal medicine rotation, third-year medical students from the Georgetown University School of Medicine completed a standardized auscultation assessment. Sound files of 10 different MRGs with a corresponding clinical vignette and physical exam location were provided with and without PCG (with interchangeable question stems) as 10 paired questions (20 total questions). Some (32) students also received a PCS to use during their rotation. Discrimination\/difficulty indexes, comparative chi-squared, and McNemar test p-values were calculated. The addition of phonocardiograms to audio data was associated with more frequent identification of mitral stenosis, S4, and cardiac friction rub, but less frequent identification of ventricular septal defect, S3, and tricuspid regurgitation. Students with a PCS had a higher frequency of identifying a cardiac friction rub. PCG may improve the identification of low-frequency, usually diastolic, heart sounds but appears to worsen or have little effect on the identification of higher-frequency, often systolic, heart sounds. As digital and phonocardiography-capable stethoscopes become more prevalent, insights regarding their strengths and weaknesses may be incorporated into medical school curricula, bedside rounds (to enhance teaching and diagnosis), and telemedicine\/tele-auscultation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1724049691000},"page":"5333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Evolving Stethoscope: Insights Derived from Studying Phonocardiography in Trainees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Nazari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeil","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joby","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halen","family":"Heussner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Doucet-O\u2019Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Neuro-Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Pacak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatesh","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Cardiology, Washington, DC 20422, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Farrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00200-7","article-title":"Value of the Cardiovascular Physical Examination for Detecting Valvular Heart Disease in Asymptomatic Subjects","volume":"77","author":"Roldan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. 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