{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:00:06Z","timestamp":1789761606875,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Transportation\u2019s University Transportation Centers program","award":["69A3551847101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69A3551847101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bridges are critical infrastructures that support our economic activities and daily lives. Aging bridges have been a major issue for decades, prompting researchers to improve resilience and performance through structural health monitoring. While most research focuses on superstructure damage, the majority of bridge failures are associated with support or joint damages, indicating the importance of bridge support. Indeed, bridge support affects the performance of both the substructure and superstructure by maintaining the load path and allowing certain movements to mitigate thermal and other stresses. The support deterioration leads to a change in fixity in the superstructure, compromising the bridge\u2019s integrity and safety. Hence, a reliable method to determine support fixity level is essential to detecting bearing health and enhancing the accuracy of the bridge health monitoring system. However, such research is lacking because of its complexity. In this study, we developed a support fixity quantification method based on thermal responses using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. A finite element (FE) model of a representative highway bridge is used to derive thermal displacement data under different bearing stiffnesses, superstructure damage, and thermal loading. The thermal displacement behavior of the bridge under different support fixity conditions is presented, and the model is trained on the simulated response. The performance of the developed FE model and ANN was validated with field monitoring data collected from two in-service bridges in Connecticut using a real-time Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Finally, the support stiffnesses of both bridges were predicted using the ANN model for validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1724049691000},"page":"5350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["ANN-Based Bridge Support Fixity Quantification Using Thermal Response Data from Real-Time Wireless Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Prakash","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh B.","family":"Malla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bridges (2024, August 02). 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