{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:39:58Z","timestamp":1775673598389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["99207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99207"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["117965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["117965"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A brain\u2013computer interface could control a bionic hand by interpreting electroencephalographic (EEG) signals associated with wrist extension (WE) and wrist flexion (WF) movements. Misinterpretations of the EEG may stem from variations in the force, speed and range of these movements. To address this, we designed, constructed and tested a novel dynamometer, the IsoReg, which regulates WE and WF movements during EEG recording experiments. The IsoReg restricts hand movements to isometric WE and WF, controlling their speed and range of motion. It measures movement force using a dual-load cell system that calculates the percentage of maximum voluntary contraction and displays it to help users control movement force. Linearity and measurement accuracy were tested, and the IsoReg\u2019s performance was evaluated under typical EEG experimental conditions with 14 participants. The IsoReg demonstrated consistent linearity between applied and measured forces across the required force range, with a mean accuracy of 97% across all participants. The visual force gauge provided normalised force measurements with a mean accuracy exceeding 98.66% across all participants. All participants successfully controlled the motor tasks at the correct relative forces (with a mean accuracy of 89.90%) using the IsoReg, eliminating the impact of inherent force differences between typical WE and WF movements on the EEG analysis. The IsoReg offers a low-cost method for measuring and regulating movements in future neuromuscular studies, potentially leading to improved neural signal interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T07:42:06Z","timestamp":1725608526000},"page":"5801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Low-Cost Dynamometer for Measuring and Regulating Wrist Extension and Flexion Motor Tasks in Electroencephalography Experiments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1526-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Khaaliq","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Aswat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vered","family":"Aharonson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2421, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rybski, M. 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