{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:39:43Z","timestamp":1772102383716,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH NIAMS","award":["AR066622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR066622"]}]},{"name":"General Electric Healthcare for MRI","award":["AR066622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR066622"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The disco-vertebral junction (DVJ) of the lumbar spine contains thin structures with short T2 values, including the cartilaginous endplate (CEP) sandwiched between the bony vertebral endplate (VEP) and the nucleus pulposus (NP). We previously demonstrated that ultrashort-echo-time (UTE) MRI, compared to conventional MRI, is able to depict the tissues at the DVJ with improved contrast. In this study, we sought to further optimize UTE MRI by characterizing the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of these tissues when either single echo or echo subtraction images are used and with varying echo times (TEs). Methods: In four cadaveric lumbar spines, we acquired 3D Cones (a UTE sequence) images at varying TEs from 0.032 ms to 16 ms. Additionally, spin echo T1- and T2-weighted images were acquired. The CNRs of CEP-NP and CEP-VEP were measured in all source images and 3D Cones echo subtraction images. Results: In the spin echo images, it was challenging to distinguish the CEP from the VEP, as both had low signal intensity. However, the 3D Cones source images at the shortest TE of 0.032 ms provided an excellent contrast between the CEP and the VEP. As the TE increased, the contrast decreased in the source images. In contrast, the 3D Cones echo subtraction images showed increasing CNR values as the second TE increased, reaching statistical significance when the second TE was above 10 ms (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Our study highlights the feasibility of incorporating UTE MRI for the evaluation of the DVJ and its advantages over conventional spin echo sequences for improving the contrast between the CEP and adjacent tissues. Additionally, modulation of the contrast for the target tissues can be achieved using either source images or subtraction images, as well as by varying the echo times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T05:06:06Z","timestamp":1725858366000},"page":"5842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultrashort-Echo-Time MRI of the Disco-Vertebral Junction: Modulation of Image Contrast via Echo Subtraction and Echo Times"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palanan","family":"Siriwananrangsun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2616-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won C.","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198103000-00006","article-title":"Three-dimensional architecture of lumbar intervertebral discs","volume":"6","author":"Inoue","year":"1981","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198410000-00009","article-title":"Anatomic studies of the circulation in the region of the vertebral end-plate in adult Greyhound dogs","volume":"9","author":"Crock","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-1978-153-409","article-title":"Diffusion of small solutes into the intervertebral disc: As in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Urban","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198210000-00039","article-title":"Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: Effect of fluid flow on solute transport","volume":"170","author":"Urban","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. 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