{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1787797107301,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Crisman Research Institute, Texas A&amp;M University","award":["As.01-23A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["As.01-23A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), widely adopted in hydraulic fracturing monitoring, continuously measures sound from perforation holes due to fluid flow through the perforation holes during fracturing treatment. DAS has the potential to monitor perforation Tulsa, OK 74136erosion, a phenomenon of increasing perforation size due to sand (referred to as proppant) injection during treatment. Because the sound generated by fluid flow at a perforation hole is negatively related to the perforation diameter, by detecting the decay of the DAS signal, the perforation erosion level can be estimated, which is critical information for fracture design. We used a Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) acoustic simulator to calculate the acoustic pressure induced by turbulence inside a wellbore and investigated the relationship between the acoustic response from fluid flow through a perforation and the perforation size by running the simulator for various perforation diameters and flow rates. The results show that if the perforation size is constant, the plot between the calculated sound pressure level and the logarithm of flow rate follows a straight line relationship. However, with different perforation sizes, the intercept of the linear relationship changes, reducing the sound pressure level. Lighthill\u2019s power law indicates that the change in intercept corresponds to the logarithm of the ratio of the increased diameter to the original diameter. The reduction in sound pressure level observed in the CFD simulation correlates with the reduction in the DAS signal in field data. The findings of this study help to evaluate perforation diameter growth using DAS and interpret fluid distribution in fracture stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"5996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of the Reduction in Distributed Acoustic Sensing Signal Due to Perforation Erosion by Using CFD Acoustic Simulation and Lighthill\u2019s Acoustic Power Law"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Hamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NSI Technologies, LLC, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petroleum Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. D.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petroleum Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamanaka, Y., Zhu, D., and Hill, A.D. (2024, January 6\u20138). Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Acoustics Generated by Fluid Flow through a Perforation. Proceedings of the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/217762-MS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molenaar, M.M., Fidan, E., and Hill, D.J. (2012, January 20\u201322). Real-Time Downhole Monitoring of Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments Using Fibre Optic Distributed Temperature and Acoustic Sensing. 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