{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:43:51Z","timestamp":1790876631844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007835","name":"Silesian University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31\/010\/SDU20\/0006-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31\/010\/SDU20\/0006-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the evolving field of human\u2013computer interaction (HCI), gesture recognition has emerged as a critical focus, with smart gloves equipped with sensors playing one of the most important roles. Despite the significance of dynamic gesture recognition, most research on data gloves has concentrated on static gestures, with only a small percentage addressing dynamic gestures or both. This study explores the development of a low-cost smart glove prototype designed to capture and classify dynamic hand gestures for game control and presents a prototype of data gloves equipped with five flex sensors, five force sensors, and one inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. To classify dynamic gestures, we developed a neural network-based classifier, utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) with three two-dimensional convolutional layers and rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation where its accuracy was 90%. The developed glove effectively captures dynamic gestures for game control, achieving high classification accuracy, precision, and recall, as evidenced by the confusion matrix and training metrics. Despite limitations in the number of gestures and participants, the solution offers a cost-effective and accurate approach to gesture recognition, with potential applications in VR\/AR environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24186157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:56:06Z","timestamp":1727168166000},"page":"6157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Gesture Recognition Glove: Design and Implementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-6582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Filipowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2627-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Filipowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7810-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Raif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Pieni\u0105\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Bodak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Ferst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7489-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Pilarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Krakow Institute of Technology, The Centre for Biomedical Engeenering, Zakopia\u0144ska 73, 30-418 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Sieci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Engineering, Academy of Silesia, Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2535-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142 Jan","family":"Doniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Mieszczanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Skwarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bryzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Henkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, Kaszubska 23, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Grzegorzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issa, T., and Isaias, P. 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