{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:08:31Z","timestamp":1787029711865,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A tactile event-related potential (ERP)-based brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) system is an alternative for enhancing the control and communication abilities of quadriplegic patients with visual or auditory impairments. Hence, in this study, we proposed a tactile stimulus pattern using a vibrotactile stimulator for a multicommand BCI system. Additionally, we observed a tactile ERP response to the target from random vibrotactile stimuli placed in the left and right wrist and elbow positions to create commands. An experiment was conducted to explore the location of the proposed vibrotactile stimulus and to verify the multicommand tactile ERP-based BCI system. Using the proposed features and conventional classification methods, we examined the classification efficiency of the four commands created from the selected EEG channels. The results show that the proposed vibrotactile stimulation with 15 stimulus trials produced a prominent ERP response in the Pz channels. The average classification accuracy ranged from 61.9% to 79.8% over 15 stimulus trials, requiring 36 s per command in offline processing. The P300 response in the parietal area yielded the highest average classification accuracy. The proposed method can guide the development of a brain\u2013computer interface system for physically disabled people with visual or auditory impairments to control assistive and rehabilitative devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T11:08:47Z","timestamp":1727780927000},"page":"6378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Development of a Multicommand Tactile Event-Related Potential-Based Brain\u2013Computer Interface Utilizing a Low-Cost Wearable Vibrotactile Stimulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Manorot","family":"Borirakarawin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80280, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nannaphat","family":"Siribunyaphat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si Thu","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyong","family":"Punsawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Informatics Innovative Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). 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