{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:56:55Z","timestamp":1789649815501,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thousands of particle number (PN) counters have been introduced to the European market, following the implementation of PN tests during the periodic technical inspection (PTI) of diesel vehicles equipped with particulate filters. Expanding the PN-PTI test to gasoline vehicles may face several challenges due to the different exhaust aerosol characteristics. In this study, two PN-PTI instruments, type-examined for diesel vehicles, measured fifteen petrol passenger cars with different test protocols: low and high idling, with or without additional load, and sharp accelerations. The instruments, one based on diffusion charging and the other on condensation particle counting, demonstrated good linearity compared to the reference instrumentation with R-squared values of 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. However, in a considerable number of tests, they registered higher particle concentrations due to the presence of high concentrations below their theoretical 23 nm cut-off size. The evaluation of the different test protocols showed that gasoline direct injection engine vehicles without particulate filters (GPFs) generally emitted an order of magnitude or higher PN compared to those with GPFs. However, high variations in concentration levels were observed for each vehicle. Port-fuel injection vehicles without GPFs mostly emitted PN concentrations near the lower detection limit of the PN-PTI instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24206509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:53:05Z","timestamp":1728546785000},"page":"6509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of Two Particle Number (PN) Counters with Different Test Protocols for the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI) of Gasoline Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6167-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Melas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3241-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Franzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"},{"name":"Mining and Energy Engineering School, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, c\/Rios Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0194-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Suarez-Bertoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barouch","family":"Giechaskiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hinds, W.C. 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