{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:31:16Z","timestamp":1760146276739,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Council of Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["305051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the applicability of the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) data for characterizing the gradient of zenith wet delay in horizontal direction observed on short baselines over larger territories. A three-year period of data for an area covering Scandinavia and Finland is analyzed, and maximum gradients during the considered period are identified. To assess the quality of the NWP-based estimates, results for a smaller region are compared with the estimates obtained using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements processed by the GipsyX\/RTGx software package (version 2.1) from a cluster of GNSS reference stations. Additionally, the NWP data from 7 to 9 August 2023 covering a period that includes a storm with high rain intensities over Southern Norway leading to sustained flooding are processed and analyzed to assess if the gradient of zenith wet delay in the horizontal direction increases significantly during such events. The results show that maximum gradients in the range of 40\u201350 mm\/km are detected. When comparing NWP-based estimates to GNSS-based estimates, the tropospheric delays show a very strong correlation. The tropospheric gradients, however, show a weak correlation, probably due to the uncertainty in the NWP data exceeding the gradient values. The data captured during the storm show that while the tropospheric delay increases significantly it is difficult to see increases in the gradient of zenith wet delay in the horizontal direction using this data source and resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24206579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T09:12:50Z","timestamp":1728983570000},"page":"6579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment and Validation of Small-Scale Tropospheric Delay Estimations Based on NWP Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Erik","family":"H\u00e5keg\u00e5rd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Digital, Strindveien 4, 7032 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ouassou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Mapping Authorities, Kartverksveien 21, 3507 H\u00f8nefoss, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadezda","family":"Sokolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Digital, Strindveien 4, 7032 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiden","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Digital, Strindveien 4, 7032 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14956","article-title":"The quiet revolution of numerical weather prediction","volume":"525","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02521844","article-title":"Contributions to the theory of atmospheric refraction","volume":"46","author":"Saastamoinen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. 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