{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:18:04Z","timestamp":1793053084768,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Ideas","award":["#2004443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2004443"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"La Trobe University Care Economy Research Institute (CERI)","award":["#2004443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2004443"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxfrp27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"La Trobe University Post Graduate Research Scholarships","award":["#2004443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2004443"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxfrp27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. With the advancements in sensor technologies and data availability, artificial intelligence (AI) holds the promise of improving the amount, quality and efficiency of care and enhancing the precision of stroke rehabilitation. We aimed to identify and characterize the existing research on AI applications in stroke recovery and rehabilitation of adults, including categories of application and progression of technologies over time. Data were collected from peer-reviewed articles across various electronic databases up to January 2024. Insights were extracted using AI-enhanced multi-method, data-driven techniques, including clustering of themes and topics. This scoping review summarizes outcomes from 704 studies. Four common themes (impairment, assisted intervention, prediction and imaging, and neuroscience) were identified, in which time-linked patterns emerged. The impairment theme revealed a focus on motor function, gait and mobility, while the assisted intervention theme included applications of robotic and brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) techniques. AI applications progressed over time, starting from conceptualization and then expanding to a broader range of techniques in supervised learning, artificial neural networks (ANN), natural language processing (NLP) and more. Applications focused on upper limb rehabilitation were reviewed in more detail, with machine learning (ML), deep learning techniques and sensors such as inertial measurement units (IMU) used for upper limb and functional movement analysis. AI applications have potential to facilitate tailored therapeutic delivery, thereby contributing to the optimization of rehabilitation outcomes and promoting sustained recovery from rehabilitation to real-world settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24206585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T07:58:32Z","timestamp":1729065512000},"page":"6585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["AI Applications in Adult Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review Using AI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4822-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isuru","family":"Senadheera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasad","family":"Hettiarachchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendon","family":"Haslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, The Florey, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6641-2153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashmika","family":"Nawaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7475-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacinta","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1824-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kylee J.","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3291-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damminda","family":"Alahakoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6376-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leeanne M.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, The Florey, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105162","article-title":"Machine Learning for Brain Stroke: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Sirsat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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