{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:46:22Z","timestamp":1792215982006,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-A49-013-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-A49-013-MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frozen shoulder (FS) is a common shoulder condition accompanied by shoulder pain and a loss of shoulder range of motion (ROM). The typical clinical assessment tools such as questionnaires and ROM measurement are susceptible to subjectivity and individual bias. To provide an objective evaluation for clinical assessment, this study proposes an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based identification system to automatically identify shoulder tasks whether performed by healthy subjects or FS patients. Two groups of features (time-domain statistical features and kinematic features), seven machine learning (ML) techniques, and two deep learning (DL) models are applied in the proposed identification system. For the experiments, 24 FS patients and 20 healthy subjects were recruited to perform five daily shoulder tasks with two IMUs attached to the arm and the wrist. The results demonstrate that the proposed system using deep learning presented the best identification performance using all features. The convolutional neural network achieved the best identification accuracy of 88.26%, and the multilayer perceptron obtained the best F1 score of 89.23%. Further analysis revealed that the identification performance based on wrist features had a higher accuracy compared to that based on arm features. The system\u2019s performance using time-domain statistical features has better discriminability in terms of identifying FS compared to using kinematic features. We demonstrate that the implementation of the IMU-based identification system using ML is feasible for FS assessment in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24206656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1729073464000},"page":"6656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Frozen Shoulder Identification from Daily Shoulder Tasks Using Machine Learning Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Pin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7164-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsuan-Chih","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ya","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6771-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Yeh","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bachelor\u2019s Program in Medical Informatics and Innovative Applications, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Tai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7530.1453","article-title":"Frozen shoulder","volume":"331","author":"Dias","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201109000-00004","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder","volume":"19","author":"Neviaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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