{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:44Z","timestamp":1760146244102,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swinburne University of Technology the SUPRA scheme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The control of hand movement during sailing is important for performance. To quantify the amount of regularity and the unpredictability of hand fluctuations during the task, the mathematical algorithm Approximate Entropy (ApEn) of the hand acceleration can be used. Approximate Entropy is a mathematical algorithm that depends on the combination of two input parameters including (1) the length of the sequences to be compared (m), and (2) the tolerance threshold for accepting similar patterns between two segments (r). The aim of this study is to identify the proper combinations of \u2018m\u2019 and \u2018r\u2019 parameter values for ApEn measurement in the hand movement acceleration data during sailing. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) recorded acceleration data for both the mainsail (non-dominant) and tiller (dominant) hands across the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, as well as vector magnitude. ApEn values were computed for 24 parameter combinations, with \u2018m\u2019 ranging from 2 to 5 and \u2018r\u2019 from 0.10 to 0.50. The analysis revealed significant differences in acceleration ApEn regularity between the two hands, particularly along the Z-axis, where the mainsail hand exhibited higher entropy values (p = 0.000673), indicating greater acceleration complexity and unpredictability. In contrast, the tiller hand displayed more stable and predictable acceleration patterns, with lower ApEn values. ANOVA results confirmed that parameter \u2018m\u2019 had a significant effect on acceleration complexity for both hands, highlighting differing motor control demands between the mainsail and tiller hands. These findings demonstrate the utility of IMU sensors and ApEn in detecting nuanced variations in acceleration dynamics during sailing tasks. This research contributes to the understanding of hand-specific acceleration patterns in sailing and provides a foundation for further studies on adaptive sailing techniques and motor control strategies for both novice and expert sailors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24206728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T10:49:22Z","timestamp":1729507762000},"page":"6728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying Hand Motion Complexity in Simulated Sailing Using Inertial Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gurdeep","family":"Sarai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prem Prakash","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilmini","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Tirosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102868","article-title":"Development of eye-hand coordination in typically developing children and adolescents assessed using a reach-to-grasp sequencing task","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/17445302.2015.1051280","article-title":"Performance analysis of a motor-sailing propulsion system for control design purposes","volume":"11","author":"Altosole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ships Offshore Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.05.048","article-title":"Handedness and effective connectivity of the motor system","volume":"99","author":"Pool","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(89)90070-5","article-title":"Hand dominance for signing: Clues to brain lateralization of language","volume":"27","author":"Vaid","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650X.2023.2204551","article-title":"Stress exposure, hand preference, and hand skill: A deep phenotyping approach","volume":"28","author":"Mundorf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scharoun, S.M., and Bryden, P.J. (2014). Hand preference, performance abilities, and hand selection in children. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00082"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babik, I., and Lobo, M.A. (2023). Hand-Use Preferences for Reaching and Object Exploration in Children with Impaired Upper Extremity Functioning: The Role of Environmental Affordances. Symmetry, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15122161"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1999.88.2.424","article-title":"Sensorimotor performance as a function of eye dominance and handedness","volume":"88","author":"Coren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordova Bulens, D., Cluff, T., Blondeau, L., Moore, R.T., Lefevre, P., and Crevecoeur, F. (2023). Different Control Strategies Drive Interlimb Differences in Performance and Adaptation during Reaching Movements in Novel Dynamics. Eneuro, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.11.516159"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748508400929","article-title":"Constraints in the performance of bimanual tasks and their expression in unskilled and skilled subjects","volume":"37","author":"Peters","year":"1985","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. Sect. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2017.1363698","article-title":"Handedness and Reach-to-Place Kinematics in Adults: Left-Handers Are Not Reversed Right-Handers","volume":"50","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2012.747482","article-title":"The effects of brain lateralization on motor control and adaptation","volume":"44","author":"Mutha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulinguez-Ambroise, G., Aychet, J., and Pouydebat, E. (2022). Limb Preference in Animals: New Insights into the Evolution of Manual Laterality in Hominids. Symmetry, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14010096"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/175899830300800101","article-title":"A Comparison of Dominant and Non-dominant Hand Function in both Right- and Left-Handed Individuals using the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP)","volume":"8","author":"Mcsp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/713754291","article-title":"Description and Validation of a Flexible and Broadly Usable Handedness Questionnaire","volume":"3","author":"Peters","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/69.12.1025","article-title":"Evaluating the hand: Issues in reliability and validity","volume":"69","author":"Abreu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choo, M., Yu Zheng, C., Yea Dat, C., and Loo, J. (2023). Evaluation of Hand Functions Using Sensor-Based Wearable Hand Motion Analysis Device, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEESE56169.2023.10278191"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado-Bonal, A., and Marshak, A. (2019). Approximate Entropy and Sample Entropy: A Comprehensive Tutorial. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21060541"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093494.243","article-title":"Awareness and use of the adult pre-exercise screening system (apss) in the australian fitness industry","volume":"48","author":"Perera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oldfield, R.C. (1971). Edinburgh Handedness Inventory [Database record], American Psychological Association. APA PsycTests.","DOI":"10.1037\/t23111-000"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, C., and Reddy, M. (2023). Sensitivity of Threshold Value \u2018r\u2019 in Approximate Entropy Based Brain-Computer Interface, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CERA59325.2023.10455140"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada, L., Torres, A., Sarlabous, L., and Jan\u00e9, R. (2017). Influence of Parameter Selection in Fixed Sample Entropy of Surface Diaphragm Electromyography for Estimating Respiratory Activity. Entropy, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/e19090460"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2014.04.041","article-title":"Maximum approximate entropy and r threshold: A new approach for regularity changes detection","volume":"409","author":"Restrepo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0668-3","article-title":"The appropriate use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with short data sets","volume":"41","author":"Yentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castiglioni, P., and Rienzo, M.D. (2008, January 14\u201317). How the threshold \u201cr\u201d influences approximate entropy analysis of heart-rate variability. Proceedings of the 2008 Computers in Cardiology, Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2008.4749103"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6270","DOI":"10.3390\/e17096270","article-title":"Determination of Sample Entropy and Fuzzy Measure Entropy Parameters for Distinguishing Congestive Heart Failure from Normal Sinus Rhythm Subjects","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2011.565753","article-title":"Postural sway parameters using a triaxial accelerometer: Comparing elderly and young healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Sekine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-9","article-title":"Lower trunk motion and speed-dependence during walking","volume":"6","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/20\/6728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:16:46Z","timestamp":1760113006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/20\/6728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s24206728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24206728","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]}}}