{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:19:24Z","timestamp":1788279564545,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJ202301ZYTS496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202301ZYTS496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230401092YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230401092YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20230673KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20230673KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JKH20230680KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKH20230680KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["YDZJ202301ZYTS496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202301ZYTS496"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["20230401092YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230401092YY"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["JJKH20230673KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20230673KJ"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["JKH20230680KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKH20230680KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Upper and lower limb rehabilitation training is essential for restoring patients\u2019 physical movement ability and enhancing muscle strength and coordination. However, traditional rehabilitation training methods have limitations, such as high costs, low patient participation, and lack of real-time feedback. The purpose of this study is to design and implement a rehabilitation training evaluation system based on virtual reality to improve the quality of patients\u2019 rehabilitation training. This paper proposes an upper and lower limb rehabilitation training evaluation system based on virtual reality technology, aiming to solve the problems existing in traditional rehabilitation training. The system provides patients with an immersive and interactive rehabilitation training environment through virtual reality technology, aiming to improve patients\u2019 participation and rehabilitation effects. This study used Kinect 2.0 and Leap Motion sensors to capture patients\u2019 motion data and transmit them to virtual training scenes. The system designed multiple virtual scenes specifically for different upper and lower limbs, with a focus on hand function training. Through these scenes, patients can perform various movement training, and the system will provide real-time feedback based on the accuracy of the patient\u2019s movements. The experimental results show that patients using the system show higher participation and better rehabilitation training effects. Compared with patients receiving traditional rehabilitation training, patients using the virtual reality system have significantly improved movement accuracy and training participation. The virtual reality rehabilitation training evaluation system developed in this study improves the quality of patients\u2019 rehabilitation and provides personalized treatment information to medical personnel through data collection and analysis, promoting the systematization and personalization of rehabilitation training. This system is innovative and has broad application potential in the field of rehabilitation medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24216909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1730104747000},"page":"6909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Upper and Lower Limb Training Evaluation System Based on Virtual Reality Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-Free for the Disabled, Changchun University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification Function & Enhancement, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanlin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-Free for the Disabled, Changchun University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification Function & Enhancement, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-Free for the Disabled, Changchun University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification Function & Enhancement, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhejun","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-Free for the Disabled, Changchun University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification Function & Enhancement, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-Free for the Disabled, Changchun University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification Function & Enhancement, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuozheng","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-Free for the Disabled, Changchun University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification Function & Enhancement, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-Free for the Disabled, Changchun University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification Function & Enhancement, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4208492","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4208492","article-title":"Rehabilitation of upper limb in children with acquired brain injury: A preliminary comparative study","volume":"2018","author":"Beretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1375\/brim.9.3.237","article-title":"A systematic review of upper limb rehabilitation for adults with traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Lannin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Impair."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14046","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14046","article-title":"Analysis of road traffic injuries and casualties in China: A ten-year nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Chheang, V., Lokesh, R., Chaudhari, A., Wang, Q., Baron, L., Kiafar, B., Doshi, S., Thostenson, E., Cashaback, J., and Barmaki, R.L. (2023). Immersive Virtual Reality and Robotics for Upper Extremity Rehabilitation. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"767","article-title":"Efficacy of robot-assisted rehabilitation for the functional recovery of the upper limb in post-stroke patients: A randomized controlled study","volume":"52","author":"Taveggia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.9.898","article-title":"Virtual reality\u2013Augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke","volume":"82","author":"Merians","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004695","article-title":"Is more better? Using metadata to explore dose\u2013response relationships in stroke rehabilitation","volume":"45","author":"Lohse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"12","article-title":"Telerehabilitation services for stroke","volume":"12","author":"Crotty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.07.009","article-title":"The effects of physical exercise on executive function in community-dwelling older adults living with Alzheimer\u2019s-type dementia: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Guitar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laver, K. (2020). Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Virtual Reality in Health and Rehabilitation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429351365-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.187","article-title":"Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation","volume":"8","author":"Holden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080062","article-title":"Use of a low-cost, commercially available gaming console (Wii) for rehabilitation of an adolescent with cerebral palsy","volume":"88","author":"Deutsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-48","article-title":"Neurorehabilitation using the virtual reality based Rehabilitation Gaming System: Methodology, design, psychometrics, usability and validation","volume":"7","author":"Badia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"287","article-title":"Virtual reality based rehabilitation speeds up functional recovery of the upper extremities after stroke: A randomized controlled pilot study in the acute phase of stroke using the rehabilitation gaming system","volume":"29","author":"Duarte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.670029","article-title":"Designing informed game-based rehabilitation tasks leveraging advances in virtual reality","volume":"34","author":"Lange","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Llor\u00e9ns, R., Alca\u00f1iz, M., Colomer, C., and Navarro, M.D. (2012). Balance recovery through virtual stepping exercises using Kinect skeleton tracking: A follow-up study with chronic stroke patients. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-1-10","article-title":"Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality","volume":"1","author":"Sveistrup","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e37559","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in post-stroke rehabilitation: A narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Khokale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, M., Marques, A., Vila\u00e7a, J.L., Carvalho, V., and Duque, D. (2023, January 28\u201330). A Review on Full Immersive Head-Mounted Virtual Reality Assisted Physiotherapy in Upper Limbs Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 11th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SeGAH57547.2023.10253805"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.23.08025-5","article-title":"Do patients with neurological disorders benefit from immersive virtual reality? A scoping review on the emerging use of the computer-assisted rehabilitation environment","volume":"60","author":"Maggio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, N., Dejaco, B., Lewis, J., McCreesh, K., and McVeigh, J.G. (2023). Physiotherapist beliefs and perspectives on virtual reality supported rehabilitation for the management of musculoskeletal shoulder pain: A focus group study. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284445"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115219","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3325211","article-title":"Pediatric Robotic Lower-Limb Exoskeleton: An Innovative Design and Kinematic Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sarajchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2009.2034162","article-title":"Universal haptic drive: A robot for arm and wrist rehabilitation","volume":"18","author":"Oblak","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12157","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of visuomotor processing in a virtual reality-based paradigm: Rehabilitation Gaming System","volume":"37","author":"Prochnow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683231159660","article-title":"Telerehabilitation initiated early in post-stroke recovery: A feasibility study","volume":"37","author":"Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diener, J., Rayling, S., Bezold, J., Krell-Roesch, J., Woll, A., and Wunsch, K. (2022). Effectiveness and acceptability of e-and m-health interventions to promote physical activity and prevent falls in nursing homes\u2014A systematic review. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.894397"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"422","article-title":"Robotic rehabilitation game design for chronic stroke","volume":"1","author":"Simkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Games Heal. Res. Dev. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shotton, J., Fitzgibbon, A., Cook, M., Sharp, T., Finocchio, M., Moore, R., Kipman, A., and Blake, A. (2011, January 20\u201325). Real-time human pose recognition in parts from single depth images. Proceedings of the CVPR 2011, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995316"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017bwiere\u0142\u0142o, W., Piorun, K., Sk\u00f3rka-Majewicz, M., Maruszewska, A., Antoniewski, J., and Gutowska, I. (2023). Burns: Classification, pathophysiology, and treatment: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043749"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, L., Liu, F., Liu, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, J., Zhao, Z., and Zhao, J. (2023). Biofeedback Respiratory Rehabilitation Training System Based on Virtual Reality Technology. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229025"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"DeVellis, R.F., and Thorpe, C.T. (2021). Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Sage Publications."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/21\/6909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:22:16Z","timestamp":1760113336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/21\/6909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s24216909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24216909","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]}}}