{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:42:19Z","timestamp":1793814139995,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AFA Insurance (Afa F\u00f6rs\u00e4kring)","award":["180098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180098"]}]},{"name":"AFA Insurance (Afa F\u00f6rs\u00e4kring)","award":["180254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180254"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manual handling is a major risk factor for work-related musculoskeletal disorders and one of the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years globally, necessitating multifaceted risk reduction measures. One potential intervention for manual handling tasks is work technique training assisted by augmented feedback on biomechanical exposures. However, there is a research gap regarding its effectiveness specifically for manual handling tasks in both real work environments and controlled settings, as well as its ability to induce retained reductions in biomechanical exposure. The gap was investigated using a rapid review comprising a literature search using two databases and 11 reviews\/overviews to identify studies from the past 20 years, up to studies published by 1 June 2024. Sixteen studies were identified, with 14 of them being of high or moderate methodological quality and were included. Three studies were conducted in real work environments and eleven in controlled settings. Most studies (n = 9) used auditory feedback, followed by vibration feedback (n = 6). In real work environments, the evidence for the effectiveness of sensor-based augmented feedback in reducing biomechanical exposure during administration was considered to be inconsistent and very limited directly after administration. For longer periods after administration, ranging from one week to more than six months, there is currently no evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of the feedback. In controlled settings, there was strong evidence for its effectiveness during and immediately after administration, and limited evidence for effectiveness up to six months post-administration when considering the tasks included in the training. Future research needs are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24216977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T11:53:43Z","timestamp":1730462023000},"page":"6977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effectiveness of Sensors-Based Augmented Feedback in Ergonomics to Reduce Adverse Biomechanical Exposure in Work-Related Manual Handling\u2014A Rapid Review of the Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5979-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl M.","family":"Lind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, November 23). Musculoskeletal Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/musculoskeletal-conditions."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31460-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Tompa, E., Mofidi, A., van den Heuvel, S., van Bree, T., Michaelsen, F., Jung, Y., Porsch, L., and van Emmerik, M. (2019). The Value of Occupational Safety and Health and the Societal Costs of Work-Related Injuries and Diseases, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820936423","article-title":"Joint association of physical and psychosocial working conditions with risk of long-term sickness absence: Prospective cohort study with register follow-up","volume":"49","author":"Sundstrup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4050","article-title":"Physical work demands and expected labor market affiliation (ELMA): Prospective cohort with register-follow-up among 46,169 employees","volume":"48","author":"Pedersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01816-6","article-title":"The impact of musculoskeletal pain and strenuous work on self-reported physical work ability: A cohort study of Swedish men and women","volume":"95","author":"Badarin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"NRC (2001). Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.05.018","article-title":"The combined effect of physical, psychosocial\/organisational and\/or environmental risk factors on the presence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms and its consequences","volume":"45","author":"Widanarko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2011.614069","article-title":"The impact of work-related psychosocial stressors on the onset of musculoskeletal disorders in specific body regions: A review and metaanalysis of 54 longitudinal studies","volume":"25","author":"Hauke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"NIOSH (1997). Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1306","article-title":"Associations between work-related factors and the carpal tunnel syndrome\u2014A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Huisstede","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20750","article-title":"Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of recent longitudinal studies","volume":"53","author":"Vieira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813486669","article-title":"The NIOSH lifting equation and low-back pain, part 1: Association with low-back pain in the BackWorks prospective cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Garg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813491284","article-title":"The NIOSH lifting equation and low-back pain, Part 2: Association with seeking care in the backworks prospective cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Garg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101837","article-title":"Are pushing and pulling work-related risk factors for upper extremity symptoms? A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"71","author":"Hoozemans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozak, A., Schedlbauer, G., Wirth, T., Euler, U., Westermann, C., and Nienhaus, A. (2015). Association between work-related biomechanical risk factors and the occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome: An overview of systematic reviews and a meta-analysis of current research. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0685-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102897","article-title":"Understanding outcome metrics of the revised NIOSH lifting equation","volume":"81","author":"Fox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4114","article-title":"Occupational mechanical exposures as risk factor for chronic low-back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Jahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012010-00018","article-title":"Flexion and rotation of the trunk and lifting at work are risk factors for low back pain: Results of a prospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4047","article-title":"Does occupational forward bending of the back increase long-term sickness absence risk? A 4-year prospective register-based study using device-measured compositional data analysis","volume":"48","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4000","article-title":"How does accelerometry-measured arm elevation at work influence prospective risk of long-term sickness absence?","volume":"48","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104277","article-title":"Physical and psychosocial work-related exposures and the occurrence of disorders of the shoulder: A systematic review update","volume":"118","author":"Versloot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, T., Wahlstr\u00f6m, J., and Burstr\u00f6m, L. (2017). Hand-arm vibration and the risk of vascular and neurological diseases\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180795"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-014-0971-4","article-title":"Whole-body vibration and the risk of low back pain and sciatica: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Nilsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"513","article-title":"Shifting to proactive risk management: Risk communication using the RAMP tool","volume":"14","author":"Lind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agron. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2017.1364458","article-title":"Development and evaluation of RAMP I\u2014A practitioner\u2019s tool for screening of musculoskeletal disorder risk factors in manual handling","volume":"25","author":"Lind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2019.1710576","article-title":"Development and evaluation of RAMP II\u2014A practitioner\u2019s tool for assessing musculoskeletal disorder risk factors in industrial manual handling","volume":"63","author":"Lind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103774","article-title":"The problem with \u201cergonomics injuries\u201d: What can ergonomists do?","volume":"103","author":"Macdonald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103101","article-title":"The RAMP package for MSD risk management in manual handling\u2014A freely accessible tool, with website and training courses","volume":"86","author":"Rose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-192972","article-title":"Factors influencing ergonomists\u2019 use of observation-based risk-assessment tools","volume":"64","author":"Eliasson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2022.2055908","article-title":"Effects of patient transfer devices on the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Ripin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"75","article-title":"Effectiveness of measures and implementation strategies in reducing physical work demands due to manual handling at work","volume":"31","author":"Sluiter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130050174518","article-title":"Prospective validation of a low-back disorder risk model and assessment of ergonomic interventions associated with manual materials handling tasks","volume":"43","author":"Marras","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2019.102896","article-title":"Ergonomics interventions to reduce musculoskeletal risk factors in a truck manufacturing plant","volume":"75","author":"Zare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"Cd008570","article-title":"Ergonomic design and training for preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck in adults","volume":"2012","author":"Hoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2013.08.008","article-title":"Work training and MSDs prevention: Contribution of ergonomics","volume":"44","author":"Ouellet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2007.02.002","article-title":"Intervention practices in musculoskeletal disorder prevention: A critical literature review","volume":"39","author":"Denis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103186","article-title":"Questioning the value of manual material handling training: A scoping and critical literature review","volume":"89","author":"Denis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"EU (1990). Council Directive 90\/269\/EEC of 29 May 1990 on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements for the Manual Handling of Loads Where There Is a Risk Particularly of Back Injury to Workers, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802480851","article-title":"Evolving ergonomics?","volume":"52","author":"McGill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2010.513746","article-title":"Biomechanical differences between expert and novice workers in a manual material handling task","volume":"53","author":"Plamondon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816657235","article-title":"The Contribution of Biomechanical-Biological Interactions of the Spine to Low Back Pain","volume":"58","author":"Marras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013032000157940","article-title":"Ergonomics and biology of spinal rotation","volume":"47","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqp127","article-title":"What constitutes effective manual handling training? A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Clemes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbeek, J.H., Martimo, K.P., Karppinen, J., Kuijer, P.P., Viikari-Juntura, E., and Takala, E.P. (2011). Manual material handling advice and assistive devices for preventing and treating back pain in workers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005958.pub3"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.862307","article-title":"The effect of manual handling training on achieving training transfer, employee\u2019s behaviour change and subsequent reduction of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Hogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lind, C.M., Abtahi, F., and Forsman, M. (2023). Wearable Motion Capture Devices for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Ergonomics\u2014An Overview of Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094259"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranavolo, A., Draicchio, F., Varrecchia, T., Silvetti, A., and Iavicoli, S. (2018). Wearable monitoring devices for biomechanical risk assessment at work: Current status and future challenges\u2014A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15092001"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefana, E., Marciano, F., Rossi, D., Cocca, P., and Tomasoni, G. (2021). Wearable Devices for Ergonomics: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030777"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueira, V., Silva, S., Costa, I., Campos, B., Salgado, J., Pinho, L., Freitas, M., Carvalho, P., Marques, J., and Pinho, F. (2024). Wearables for Monitoring and Postural Feedback in the Work Context: A Scoping Review. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041341"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967892","article-title":"The effects of biofeedback on carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925152","article-title":"A comparison of tactile, auditory, and visual feedback in a pointing task using a mouse-type device","volume":"38","author":"Akamatsu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00006-6","article-title":"A test of two training interventions to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity","volume":"33","author":"Faucett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701565646","article-title":"The effect of a feedback signal in a computer mouse on hovering behaviour, productivity, comfort and usability in a field study","volume":"51","author":"Rijs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104155","article-title":"Can biofeedback training in combination with ergonomic information reduce pain among young adult computer users with neck and upper extremity symptoms?\u2014A randomized controlled intervention study","volume":"114","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.11.008","article-title":"Effect of a posture correction-based intervention on musculoskeletal symptoms and fatigue among control room operators","volume":"76","author":"Bazazan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.733735","article-title":"A pilot randomised control trial of the effectiveness of a biofeedback mouse in reducing self-reported pain among office workers","volume":"56","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.041483","article-title":"Effectiveness of a feedback signal in a computer mouse on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms: A randomised controlled trial with an 8-month follow-up","volume":"66","author":"Meijer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000182086.33984.b3","article-title":"Torso flexion loads and the fatigue failure of human lumbosacral motion segments","volume":"30","author":"Gallagher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.08.009","article-title":"Tolerance of the lumbar spine to shear: A review and recommended exposure limits","volume":"27","author":"Gallagher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220110114663","article-title":"Trunk rotation: Ergonomic and evolutionary perspective","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.4.092101.122107","article-title":"Spine ergonomics","volume":"4","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01274-w","article-title":"Applications of wearable sensors in upper extremity MSK conditions: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Zadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110037","article-title":"Combining inertial-based ergonomic assessment with biofeedback for posture correction: A narrative review","volume":"190","author":"Martins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Ja\u00e9n, M., Sebastia-Amat, S., Sanchis-Soler, G., and Cortell-Tormo, J.M. (2024). Lumbo-Pelvic Rhythm Monitoring Using Wearable Technology with Sensory Biofeedback: A Systematic Review. Healthc. Inform. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12070758"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-220545","article-title":"Feedback for the prevention and rehabilitation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Frasie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lind, C.M. (2024). A Rapid Review on the Effectiveness and Use of Wearable Biofeedback Motion Capture Systems in Ergonomics to Mitigate Adverse Postures and Movements of the Upper Body. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113345"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, L., Maharaj, M.M., and Mobbs, R.J. (2019). The role of wearables in spinal posture analysis: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2430-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, R., James, C., Edwards, S., Skinner, G., Young, J.L., and Snodgrass, S.J. (2021). Evidence for the Effectiveness of Feedback from Wearable Inertial Sensors during Work-Related Activities: A Scoping Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196377"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punt, M., Nematimoez, M., van Die\u00ebn, J.H., and Kingma, I. (2020). Real-time feedback to reduce low-back load in lifting and lowering. J. Biomech., 102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109513"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2022.103350","article-title":"Using real-time feedback of L5\/S1 compression force based on markerless optical motion capture to improve the lifting technique in manual materials handling","volume":"91","author":"Brandl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203149","article-title":"Reducing lumbar spine flexion using real-time biofeedback during patient handling tasks","volume":"66","author":"Owlia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103188","article-title":"Reducing postural load in order picking through a smart workwear system using real-time vibrotactile feedback","volume":"89","author":"Lind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106293","article-title":"Effectiveness of a lumbopelvic monitor and feedback device to change postural behaviour: The ELF cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104019","article-title":"Real-time vibrotactile feedback system for reducing trunk flexion exposure during construction tasks","volume":"110","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langenski\u00f6ld, C., Berg, A., and Yang, L. (2023). The Effect of Corrective and Encouraging Accumulated Vibrotactile Feedback on Work Technique Training and Motivation\u2014A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20186741"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2022.2069869","article-title":"Effectiveness and usability of real-time vibrotactile feedback training to reduce postural exposure in real manual sorting work","volume":"66","author":"Lind","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007","article-title":"Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group offers evidence-informed guidance to conduct rapid reviews","volume":"130","author":"Garritty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2023, November 20). Study Quality Assessment Tools, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130410001686375","article-title":"The effect of feedback training on lumbosacral compression during simulated occupational lifting","volume":"47","author":"Agruss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.127","article-title":"Influencing lumbar posture through real-time biofeedback and its effects on the kinematics and kinetics of a repetitive lifting task","volume":"73","author":"Boocock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.08.003","article-title":"Wearable technology for posture monitoring at the workplace","volume":"132","author":"Bootsman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103547","article-title":"Evaluating a wearable biofeedback device for reducing end-range sagittal lumbar spine flexion among home caregivers","volume":"97","author":"Kamachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.335","article-title":"Movement-based feedback may reduce spinal moments in male workers during lift and lowering tasks","volume":"11","author":"Kernozek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lind, C.M., Diaz-Olivares, J.A., Lindecrantz, K., and Eklund, J. (2020). A Wearable Sensor System for Physical Ergonomics Interventions Using Haptic Feedback. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216010"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oppici, L., Gr\u00fctters, K., Garofolini, A., Rosenkranz, R., and Narciss, S. (2021). Deliberate Practice and Motor Learning Principles to Underpin the Design of Training Interventions for Improving Lifting Movement in the Occupational Sector: A Perspective and a Pilot Study on the Role of Augmented Feedback. Front. Sports Act. Living, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.746142"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.5009","article-title":"The effectiveness of a lumbopelvic monitor and feedback device to change postural behavior: A feasibility randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967891","article-title":"Wrist motions in industry","volume":"36","author":"Marras","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199304000-00015","article-title":"The role of dynamic three-dimensional trunk motion in occupationally-related low back disorders. The effects of workplace factors, trunk position, and trunk motion characteristics on risk of injury","volume":"18","author":"Marras","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.07.009","article-title":"Exposure-response relationships in work-related musculoskeletal disorders in elbows and hands\u2014A synthesis of group-level data on exposure and response obtained using uniform methods of data collection","volume":"44","author":"Nordander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.01.010","article-title":"Exposure\u2013response relationships for work-related neck and shoulder musculoskeletal disorders\u2014Analyses of pooled uniform data sets","volume":"55","author":"Nordander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balogh, I., Arvidsson, I., Bj\u00f6rk, J., Hansson, G.\u00c5., Ohlsson, K., Skerfving, S., and Nordander, C. (2019). Work-related neck and upper limb disorders\u2014Quantitative exposure-response relationships adjusted for personal characteristics and psychosocial conditions. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2491-6"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab012","article-title":"Action Levels for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Neck and Upper Extremities: A Proposal","volume":"65","author":"Arvidsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, X., Lind, C.M., Rhen, I.M., and Forsman, M. (2021). Effects of Sensor Types and Angular Velocity Computational Methods in Field Measurements of Occupational Upper Arm and Trunk Postures and Movements. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165527"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab075","article-title":"Concerning a Work Movement Velocity Action Level Proposed in \u201cAction Levels for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Neck and Upper Extremities: A Proposal\u201d by Inger Arvidsson et al. (2021)","volume":"66","author":"Forsman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103841","article-title":"Mind the gap\u2014Development of conversion models between accelerometer- and IMU-based measurements of arm and trunk postures and movements in warehouse work","volume":"105","author":"Forsman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"30","article-title":"Training in lifting","volume":"47","author":"Lavender","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prof. Saf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000255203.96898.f2","article-title":"Can a new behaviorally oriented training process to improve lifting technique prevent occupationally related back injuries due to lifting?","volume":"32","author":"Lavender","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/24725838.2018.1428838","article-title":"Posture Coaching and Feedback during Patient Handling in a Student Nurse Population","volume":"6","author":"Doss","year":"2018","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon. Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000065484.95996.AF","article-title":"Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group","volume":"28","author":"Furlan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001061","article-title":"2015 Updated Method Guideline for Systematic Reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck Group","volume":"40","author":"Furlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2021.103147","article-title":"In-field instrumented ergonomic risk assessment: Inertial measurement units versus Kinect V2","volume":"84","author":"Humadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812452129","article-title":"The complex spine: The multidimensional system of causal pathways for low-back disorders","volume":"54","author":"Marras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000259812.75138.c0","article-title":"A comparison of fatigue failure responses of old versus middle-aged lumbar motion segments in simulated flexed lifting","volume":"32","author":"Gallagher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.9.649","article-title":"Risk factors in the onset of neck\/shoulder pain in a prospective study of workers in industrial and service companies","volume":"60","author":"Andersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.669","article-title":"High physical and psychosocial load at work and sickness absence due to neck pain","volume":"28","author":"Bongers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0701-0","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence for the association between work-related physical exposures and neck and\/or shoulder complaints: A systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Mayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-021-01622-2","article-title":"Posture biofeedback increases cognitive load","volume":"86","author":"Baer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.07.018","article-title":"Job rotation designed to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and control risk in manufacturing industries: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Padula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-5-23","article-title":"Development of a quality assessment tool for systematic reviews of observational studies (QATSO) of HIV prevalence in men having sex with men and associated risk behaviours","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Themes Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"7269","article-title":"Evaluation of a single accelerometer based biofeedback system for real-time correction of neck posture in computer users","volume":"2009","author":"Breen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"5203","article-title":"Wireless vibrotactile feedback system for postural response improvement","volume":"2011","author":"Tino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.11.008","article-title":"Innovative system for real-time ergonomic feedback in industrial manufacturing","volume":"44","author":"Vignais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"40","article-title":"Wearable Posture Monitoring System with Biofeedback via Smartphone","volume":"2","author":"Hermanis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107583","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3000673","article-title":"Smart Vest for Real-Time Postural Biofeedback and Ergonomic Risk Assessment","volume":"8","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrone, A., Garc\u00eda Pati\u00f1o, A., and Menon, C. (2021). Low Back Pain-Behavior Correction by Providing Haptic Feedbacks: A Preliminary Investigation. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217158"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2021.3112795","article-title":"A Directional Vibrotactile Feedback Interface for Ergonomic Postural Adjustment","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02053-8_73","article-title":"Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Using Smart Workwear\u2014The Smart Workwear Consortium","volume":"Volume 876","author":"Ahram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Systems Engineering and Design"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.12.1213","article-title":"Reducing postural exposure in real manual sorting work by means of real time vibrotactile feedback training","volume":"13","author":"Lind","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Lindblom, J., and \u00d6sterman, C. (2019, January 25\u201328). Reducing postural exposure in manual handling\u2014Effects of vibrotactile feedback and verbal instructions. Proceedings of the 50th Nordic Ergonomics and Human Factors Society Conference, Elsinore, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-182839","article-title":"Influence of the wearable posture correction sensor on head and neck posture: Sitting and standing workstations","volume":"62","author":"Ailneni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, Y.L., Huang, K.Y., Kao, C.Y., and Tsai, Y.J. (2021). Sitting Posture during Prolonged Computer Typing with and without a Wearable Biofeedback Sensor. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105430"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2014.11077063","article-title":"A system for predicting musculoskeletal disorders among dental students","volume":"20","author":"Thanathornwong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"756","article-title":"The Improvement of Dental Posture Using Personalized Biofeedback","volume":"216","author":"Thanathornwong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100406","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2020.2990527","article-title":"Vibrotactile-Feedback Device for Postural Balance Among Malocclusion Patients","volume":"8","author":"Thanathornwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1834729","article-title":"A Personalized Pre-operative and Intra-operative Ergonomic Feedback to Improve the Dental Work Posture","volume":"37","author":"Thanathornwong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.05.004","article-title":"Tactile cues can change movement: An example using tape to redistribute flexion from the lumbar spine to the hips and knees during lifting","volume":"60","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2023.2168769","article-title":"Effects of trunk extensor muscle fatigue on repetitive lift (re)training using an augmented tactile feedback approach","volume":"66","author":"Larson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00fctters, K., Narciss, S., Beaudette, S.M., and Oppici, L. (2023). Reducing Lumbar Flexion in a Repetitive Lifting Task: Comparison of Leukotape and Kinesio Tape and Their Effect on Lumbar Proprioception. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13105908"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103612","article-title":"A comparison of augmented feedback and didactic training approaches to reduce spine motion during occupational lifting tasks","volume":"99","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"NIOSH (2022, November 03). Hierarchy of Controls, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/hierarchy\/default.html."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Lind, C.M. (2017). Assessment and Design of Industrial Manual Handling to Reduce Physical Ergonomics Hazards\u2014Use and Development of Assessment Tools, KTH Royal Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2024.103570","article-title":"Application of wearable technology for the ergonomic risk assessment of healthcare professionals: A systematic literature review","volume":"100","author":"Sabino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817753907","article-title":"Barriers to the Adoption of Wearable Sensors in the Workplace: A Survey of Occupational Safety and Health Professionals","volume":"60","author":"Schall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/21\/6977\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:24:24Z","timestamp":1760113464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/21\/6977"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s24216977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24216977","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]}}}