{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:38:16Z","timestamp":1792179496186,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global increase in the population of Visually Impaired People (VIPs) underscores the rapidly growing demand for a robust navigation system to provide safe navigation in diverse environments. State-of-the-art VIP navigation systems cannot achieve the required performance (accuracy, integrity, availability, and integrity) because of insufficient positioning capabilities and unreliable investigations of transition areas and complex environments (indoor, outdoor, and urban). The primary reason for these challenges lies in the segregation of Visual Impairment (VI) research within medical and engineering disciplines, impeding technology developers\u2019 access to comprehensive user requirements. To bridge this gap, this paper conducts a comprehensive review covering global classifications of VI, international and regional standards for VIP navigation, fundamental VIP requirements, experimentation on VIP behavior, an evaluation of state-of-the-art positioning systems for VIP navigation and wayfinding, and ways to overcome difficulties during exceptional times such as COVID-19. This review identifies current research gaps, offering insights into areas requiring advancements. Future work and recommendations are presented to enhance VIP mobility, enable daily activities, and promote societal integration. This paper addresses the urgent need for high-performance navigation systems for the growing population of VIPs, highlighting the limitations of current technologies in complex environments. Through a comprehensive review of VI classifications, VIPs\u2019 navigation standards, user requirements, and positioning systems, this paper identifies research gaps and offers recommendations to improve VIP mobility and societal integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24217020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T13:09:27Z","timestamp":1730466567000},"page":"7020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comprehensive Review: High-Performance Positioning Systems for Navigation and Wayfinding for Visually Impaired People"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jean Marc","family":"Feghali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2BU, UK"},{"name":"Research and Development, WeWALK Smart Cane, London SW1W 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6332-7858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnab","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Washington Yotto","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, August 19). 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