{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:37:12Z","timestamp":1778881032182,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"dtec.bw\u2014Digitalization and Technology Research Center of the Bundeswehr"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To better cope with stress in emergencies, emergency personnel undergo virtual reality (VR) stress training. Such training typically includes visual, auditory and sometimes tactile impressions, whereas olfactory stimuli are mostly neglected. This concept paper therefore examines whether odors might be beneficial for further enhancing the experience of presence and immersion into a simulated environment. The aim is to demonstrate the benefits of VR civilian stress training for emergency personnel and to investigate the role of odors as stressors by manipulating the degree of perceived psychophysiological stress via olfactory impressions. Moreover, the current paper presents the development and validation of a convenient and portable fragrance dosing system that allows personalized odor presentation in VR. The presented system can transport reproducible small quantities of an air-fragrance mixture close to the human nose using piezoelectric stainless steel micropumps. The results of the fluidic system validation indicate that the micropump is suitable for releasing odors close to the nose with constant amounts of odor presentation. Furthermore, the theoretical background and the planned experimental design of VR stress training, including odor presentation via olfactory VR technology, are elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24217046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T13:09:27Z","timestamp":1730466567000},"page":"7046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Framework for Microdosing Odors in Virtual Reality for Psychophysiological Stress Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Anheuer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, 80686 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9715-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brid","family":"Karacan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, 80686 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, 80686 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silja","family":"Meyer-Nieberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9924-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9052-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Freiherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, 80686 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Leopold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5017-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7818-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"K\u00fcsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2971-0","article-title":"A reproducible olfactory display for exploring olfaction in immersive media experiences","volume":"75","author":"Howell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. 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