{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:39:04Z","timestamp":1768257544933,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2020, 20% of patients with COVID-19 developed severe complications, including life-threatening pneumonia with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). We developed a preliminary SIRS monitor that does not require blood sampling, is noninvasive, and can collect data 24 h per day. The proposed monitor comprises a piezoelectric respiratory sensor located beneath the patient\u2019s mattress and a fingertip pulse sensor that determines ultra-high accuracy respiratory rate (mode of a 40-min frequency distribution of respiratory rates (M40FD-RR)). We assessed the clinical performance of the M40FD-RR preliminary SIRS monitor in 29 patients (12 female, 17 male, aged 15\u201390 years) hospitalized at Suwa Central Hospital with COVID-19, which was confirmed by a positive polymerase chain reaction test. SIRS was evaluated by logistic regression analysis using M40FD-RR, heart rate, age, and sex as explanatory variables. We compared the results of 109 examinations of 29 COVID-19 inpatients with SIRS against those determined by the proposed monitor. The proposed monitor achieved 75% sensitivity and 83% negative predictive value, making it a promising candidate for future 24 h noninvasive preliminary SIRS tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T06:30:48Z","timestamp":1730788248000},"page":"7100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Noninvasive Early Detection of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome of COVID-19 Inpatients Using a Piezoelectric Respiratory Rates Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4120-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"},{"name":"Konica Minolta, Inc., Tokyo 192-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7309-2271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takemi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isamu","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Suwa Central Hospital, Nagano 391-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norihiro","family":"Tateda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Konica Minolta, Inc., Tokyo 192-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2036-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masei","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Suwa Central Hospital, Nagano 391-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Immuno-Rheumatology Center, St. Luke\u2019s International Hospital, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2009249","article-title":"Mild or Moderate COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"Gandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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