{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:18:02Z","timestamp":1767374282210,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The type of throw of a spin bowler can be analysed in the laboratory using a motion analysis system. However, there is still no method to determine the type of throw using other means and less effort. To solve this problem, we revised the traditional classification of spin bowling throws and analysed whether spin bowling throws are separate entities or continuous concepts. We used an advanced smart cricket ball with high-speed gyroscopes to record the bowling actions and mathematically transformed the spin axis from the ball coordinate system (BCS) to the global coordinate system (GCS). We developed a visualisation method to map spin bowling throws from the yaw and pitch angles of the ball\u2019s spin axis in the GCS. We compared the data from the smart ball with the data from the motion analysis system and profiled seven spin bowlers using the new method. The results of this study have shown that spin bowling throws are continuous concepts and that all differences between the two spin axis measurement methods were within 95% limits of agreement. The Smart Ball is sufficiently accurate to measure the direction of the ball\u2019s spin axis in the GCS and is therefore well suited for profiling spin bowlers. Hybrid deliveries between sidespin, top\/backspin, and swerve maximise the deviations of the ball in flight from the straight flight path in all three planes of the GCS. Hybrid throws between sidespin, top\/backspin, and spin maximise the ball\u2019s deviation from the straight trajectory in all three planes of the GCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T06:30:48Z","timestamp":1730788248000},"page":"7106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of Spin Bowling Deliveries with an Advanced Smart Cricket Ball"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-0985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz Konstantin","family":"Fuss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Biomechanics, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Biomechatronics, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Batdelger","family":"Doljin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Products Engineering Program, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8114-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9 E. D.","family":"Ferdinands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dias, G.R., and Ferdinands, R. (2010, January 1\u20133). The biomechanics of the initial movement in cricket batting. Proceedings of the Conference of Science, Medicine & Coaching in Cricket, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mechanisms of skill in cricket batting","volume":"13","author":"Abernethy","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aust. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wilkins, B. (1991). 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