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energy-intensive due to the large volume of steel produced and its high-temperature and high-weight characteristics, sensors such as high-temperature application sensors can be utilized to collect production data and support the process control and optimization. Steelmaking-refining-continuous casting (SRCC) is a bottleneck in the iron and steel production process. SRCC scheduling problems are worldwide problems and NP-hard. The problems are not only important for iron and steel enterprises to enhance production efficiency, but also play a significant role in saving energy and reducing resource consumption. SRCC scheduling problems can be modeled as hybrid flowshop scheduling problems with batch production at the last stage. In this paper, a Discrete Brain Storm Optimization (DBSO) algorithm is proposed to handle SRCC scheduling problems. In the proposed DBSO, population initialization and cluster center replacement are specially designed to enhance the intensification abilities. Moreover, a perturbation operator is devised to enhance its diversification abilities. Furthermore, a new individual generation operator is devised to improve the intensification and diversification abilities simultaneously. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed DBSO is an efficient method for solving SRCC scheduling problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T09:16:51Z","timestamp":1730884611000},"page":"7137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Discrete Brain Storm Optimization Algorithm for Hybrid Flowshop Scheduling Problems with Batch Production at Last Stage in the Steelmaking-Refining-Continuous Casting Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kunkun","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5204-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiming","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6981-596X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinfu","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Shenyang Institute of Engineering, Shenyang 110136, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107806","article-title":"Towards sustainable production with resource efficiency: An empirical study of steelmaking continuous casting scheduling","volume":"209","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resour. 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