{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:08:33Z","timestamp":1787029713267,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Promobilia Foundation","award":["nr 19123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr 19123"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2023\u20132024","award":["nr 19123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr 19123"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reduced walking endurance is common in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), leading to reduced social participation and increased fall risk. This highlights the importance of identifying which gait aspects should be mostly targeted by rehabilitation to maintain\/increase walking endurance in this population. A total of 56 PwMS and 24 healthy subjects (HSs) executed the 6 min walk test (6 MWT), a clinical measure of walking endurance, wearing three inertial sensors (IMUs) on their shanks and lower back. Five IMU-based digital metrics descriptive of different gait domains, i.e., double support duration, trunk sway, gait regularity, symmetry, and local dynamic instability, were computed. All metrics demonstrated moderate\u2013high ability to discriminate between HSs and PwMS (AUC: 0.79\u20130.91) and were able to detect differences between PwMS at minimal (PwMSmFR) and moderate\u2013high fall risk (PwMSFR). Compared to PwMSmFR, PwMSFR walked with a prolonged double support phase (+100%), larger trunk sway (+23%), lower stride regularity (\u221232%) and gait symmetry (\u221218%), and higher local dynamic instability (+24%). Normative cut-off values were provided for all metrics to help clinicians in detecting abnormal scores at an individual level. The five metrics, entered into a multiple linear regression model with 6 MWT distance as the dependent variable, showed that gait regularity and the three metrics most related to dynamic balance (i.e., double support duration, trunk sway, and local dynamic instability) were significant independent contributors to 6 MWT distance, while gait symmetry was not. While double support duration and local dynamic instability were independently associated with walking endurance in both PwMSmFR and PwMSFR, gait regularity and trunk sway significantly contributed to 6 MWT distance only in PwMSmFR and PwMSFR, respectively. Taken together, the present results allowed us to provide hints for tailored rehabilitation exercises aimed at specifically improving walking endurance in PwMS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T09:14:31Z","timestamp":1731575671000},"page":"7284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Walk Longer! Using Wearable Inertial Sensors to Uncover Which Gait Aspects Should Be Treated to Increase Walking Endurance in People with Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Carpinella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9533-5716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Bertoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Anastasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Cardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Lencioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7797-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Ferrarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6057-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Gervasoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0041-4","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Filippi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis Worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, Third Edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2165\/11591150-000000000-00000","article-title":"Impact of Walking Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: Perspectives of Patients and Care Partners","volume":"4","author":"Larocca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-053","article-title":"Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms","volume":"15","author":"Kister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990903433528","article-title":"Contribution of Impaired Mobility to Patient Burden in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Sutliff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.07.2511","article-title":"Gait and Six-Minute Walk Performance in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"334","author":"Pilutti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14866","article-title":"Instrumentally Assessed Gait Quality Is More Relevant than Gait Endurance and Velocity to Explain Patient-Reported Walking Ability in Early-Stage Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Carpinella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.14.32","article-title":"Neurological Disability and Its Association with Walking Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: Brief Review","volume":"4","author":"Motl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.125","article-title":"Walking Endurance in Multiple Sclerosis: Meta-Analysis of Six-Minute Walk Test Performance","volume":"73","author":"Cederberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082607","article-title":"Evaluation of the Six-Minute Walk in Multiple Sclerosis Subjects and Healthy Controls","volume":"14","author":"Goldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510361357","article-title":"Predicting Habitual Walking Performance in Multiple Sclerosis: Relevance of Capacity and Self-Report Measures","volume":"16","author":"Gijbels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500164479","article-title":"Six-Minute Walk Distance as a Measure of Functional Exercise Capacity in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Savci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2018.11.002","article-title":"Associations between Activity and Participation in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"105","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1974","article-title":"The Effect of Balance, Walking Capacity, and Fear of Falling on the Level of Community Integration in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"40","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosnoff, J.J., Socie, M.J., Boes, M.K., Sandroff, B.M., Pula, J.H., Suh, Y., Weikert, M., Balantrapu, S., Morrison, S., and Motl, R.W. (2011). Mobility, Balance and Falls in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028021"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.06.014","article-title":"Predicting Falls among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Comparison of Patient-Reported Outcomes and Performance-Based Measures of Lower Extremity Functions","volume":"17","author":"Tajali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, L., Xi, H., Zhang, S., Zhou, Y., Tao, X., Lv, Y., Hou, X., and Yu, L. (2024). Effects of Exercise in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1387658"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"59","article-title":"Symptomatic Correlates of Six-Minute Walk Performance in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Motl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320050","article-title":"Pathophysiological and Cognitive Mechanisms of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Manjaly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.02.026","article-title":"Is the Impact of Fatigue Related to Walking Capacity and Perceived Ability in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis? A Multicenter Study","volume":"387","author":"Dalgas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.2009-62","article-title":"Six-Minute Walk Test for Persons with Mild or Moderate Disability from Multiple Sclerosis: Performance and Explanatory Factors","volume":"63","author":"Wetzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiother. Can."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy048","article-title":"Contributions of Ankle, Knee, Hip, and Trunk Muscle Function to Gait Performance in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Hebert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.01.034","article-title":"How Much Does Balance and Muscle Strength Impact Walking in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis?\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"29","author":"Callesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Henze, T. (2024, November 08). Recommendation on Rehabilitation Services for Persons with Multiple Sclerosis in Europe. European Multiple Sclerosis Platform. Available online: https:\/\/www.eurims.org\/News\/recommendations-on-rehabilitation-services-for-persons-with-multiple-sclerosis-in-europe.html."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512437418","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Progressive Resistance Training: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Vissing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.179","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and Functional Recovery in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Tomassini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis: Guidelines from the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald Criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating Neurologic Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: An Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"&quot;Mini-Mental State&quot;. A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130035","article-title":"Expanding the Scoring System for the Dynamic Gait Index","volume":"93","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130294","article-title":"Evidence for the Validity of the Modified Dynamic Gait Index across Diagnostic Groups","volume":"94","author":"Matsuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.09.201","article-title":"Identification of Modified Dynamic Gait Index Cutoff Scores for Assessing Fall Risk in People with Parkinson Disease, Stroke and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Torchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00089-8","article-title":"A New Method for Evaluating Motor Control in Gait under Real-Life Environmental Conditions. Part 1: The Instrument","volume":"13","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0241-2","article-title":"Auto Detection and Segmentation of Daily Living Activities during a Timed Up and Go Task in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Multiple Inertial Sensors","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-152","article-title":"Della Estimation of Step-by-Step Spatio-Temporal Parameters of Normal and Impaired Gait Using Shank-Mounted Magneto-Inertial Sensors: Application to Elderly, Hemiparetic, Parkinsonian and Choreic Gait","volume":"11","author":"Trojaniello","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09500-z","article-title":"Deterioration of Specific Aspects of Gait during the Instrumented 6-Min Walk Test among People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"266","author":"Gazit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09928-8","article-title":"Wearable Sensors Can Reliably Quantify Gait Alterations Associated with Disability in People with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in a Clinical Setting","volume":"267","author":"Angelini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3061998","article-title":"A Multifactorial Model of Multiple Sclerosis Gait and Its Changes Across Different Disability Levels","volume":"68","author":"Angelini","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monaghan, A.S., Huisinga, J.M., and Peterson, D.S. (2021). The Application of Principal Component Analysis to Characterize Gait and Its Association with Falls in Multiple Sclerosis. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92353-2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44428","DOI":"10.2196\/44428","article-title":"Wearable Sensor Technologies to Assess Motor Functions in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Scoping Review and Perspective","volume":"25","author":"Woelfle","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0251-0","article-title":"Instrumented Balance and Walking Assessments in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis Show Strong Test-Retest Reliability","volume":"14","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynard, F., Vuadens, P., Deriaz, O., and Terrier, P. (2014). Could Local Dynamic Stability Serve as an Early Predictor of Falls in Patients with Moderate Neurological Gait Disorders? A Reliability and Comparison Study in Healthy Individuals and in Patients with Paresis of the Lower Extremities. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100550"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, Y., McGinnis, R.S., Seagers, K., Motl, R.W., Sheth, N., Wright, J.A., Ghaffari, R., and Sosnoff, J.J. (2017). Monitoring Gait in Multiple Sclerosis with Novel Wearable Motion Sensors. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171346"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683231222412","article-title":"Between-Day Reliability of the Gait Characteristics and Their Changes During the 6-Minute Walking Test in People With Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Santinelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.08.005","article-title":"Reliability of IMU-Based Balance Assessment in Clinical Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":"98","author":"Felius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailo, G., Saibene, F.L., Bandini, V., Arcuri, P., Salvatore, A., Meloni, M., Castagna, A., Navarro, J., Lencioni, T., and Ferrarin, M. (2024). Characterization of Walking in Mild Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Reliability, Validity and Discriminant Ability of the Six-Minute Walk Test Instrumented with a Single Inertial Sensor. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020662"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"964790","article-title":"Stride-Time Variability and Fall Risk in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2015","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00233-1","article-title":"Estimation of Gait Cycle Characteristics by Trunk Accelerometry","volume":"37","author":"Helbostad","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourke, A.K., Scotland, A., Lipsmeier, F., Gossens, C., and Lindemann, M. (2020). Gait Characteristics Harvested during a Smartphone-Based Self-Administered 2-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Test-Retest Reliability and Minimum Detectable Change. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205906"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.005","article-title":"Overcoming the Limitations of the Harmonic Ratio for the Reliable Assessment of Gait Symmetry","volume":"53","author":"Pasciuto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tramontano, M., Orejel Bustos, A.S., Montemurro, R., Vasta, S., Marangon, G., Belluscio, V., Morone, G., Modugno, N., Buzzi, M.G., and Formisano, R. (2024). Dynamic Stability, Symmetry, and Smoothness of Gait in People with Neurological Health Conditions. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082451"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.23.08156-X","article-title":"Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task Training Improves Dynamic Stability during Straight and Curved Gait in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"60","author":"Tramontano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2015.02.003","article-title":"Instrumenting Gait with an Accelerometer: A System and Algorithm Examination","volume":"37","author":"Godfrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelini, L., Carpinella, I., Cattaneo, D., Ferrarin, M., Gervasoni, E., Sharrack, B., Paling, D., Nair, K.P.S., and Mazz\u00e0, C. (2020). Is a Wearable Sensor-Based Characterisation of Gait Robust Enough to Overcome Differences between Measurement Protocols? A Multi-Centric Pragmatic Study in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010079"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpinella, I., Gervasoni, E., Anastasi, D., Di Giovanni, R., Tacchino, A., Brichetto, G., Confalonieri, P., Solaro, C., Rovaris, M., and Ferrarin, M. (2022). Walking With Horizontal Head Turns Is Impaired in Persons With Early-Stage Multiple Sclerosis Showing Normal Locomotion. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.821640"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-118","article-title":"A Gait Abnormality Measure Based on Root Mean Square of Trunk Acceleration","volume":"10","author":"Sekine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120999","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0999","article-title":"Assessing the Stability of Human Locomotion: A Review of Current Measures","volume":"10","author":"Bruijn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.045","article-title":"Gait Stability, Variability and Complexity on Inclined Surfaces","volume":"54","author":"Vieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santuz, A., Ekizos, A., Eckardt, N., Kibele, A., and Arampatzis, A. (2018). Challenging Human Locomotion: Stability and Modular Organisation in Unsteady Conditions. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21018-4"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2991636","article-title":"Local Dynamic Stability of Gait in People with Early Multiple Sclerosis and No-to-Mild Neurological Impairment","volume":"28","author":"Caronni","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.03.003","article-title":"The Influence of Gait Speed on Local Dynamic Stability of Walking","volume":"25","author":"England","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(93)90009-P","article-title":"A Practical Method for Calculating Largest Lyapunov Exponents from Small Data Sets","volume":"65","author":"Rosenstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallot, S., and M\u00f8nster, D. (2018). Calculation of Average Mutual Information (AMI) and False-Nearest Neighbors (FNN) for the Estimation of Embedding Parameters of Multidimensional Time Series in Matlab. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01679"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e853","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00188-1","article-title":"Interpreting Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve","volume":"4","author":"Steyerberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"505","article-title":"Sample Size in Multiple Regression: 20 + 5k","volume":"17","author":"Khamis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, SAGE Publications Ltd. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bsteh, G., Ehling, R., Lutterotti, A., Hegen, H., Pauli, F.D., Auer, M., Deisenhammer, F., Reindl, M., and Berger, T. (2016). Long Term Clinical Prognostic Factors in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Insights from a 10-Year Observational Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158978"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.07.184","article-title":"Quantifying Six-Minute Walk Induced Gait Deterioration with Inertial Sensors in Multiple Sclerosis Subjects","volume":"49","author":"Engelhard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.10.012","article-title":"Gait Variability and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Socie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"645197","article-title":"Gait Variability and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2013","author":"Socie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0697-y","article-title":"Accelerometry Reveals Differences in Gait Variability between Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls","volume":"41","author":"Huisinga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09759-7","article-title":"A Wearable Sensor Identifies Alterations in Community Ambulation in Multiple Sclerosis: Contributors to Real-World Gait Quality and Physical Activity","volume":"267","author":"Hillel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2015.07.009","article-title":"Effect of Walking Speed on Gait Sub Phase Durations","volume":"43","author":"Hebenstreit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabuffetti, M., Scalera, G.M., and Ferrarin, M. (2019). Effects of Gait Strategy and Speed on Regularity of Locomotion Assessed in Healthy Subjects Using a Multi-Sensor Method. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030513"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergamini, E., Cereatti, A., and Pavei, G. (2024). Walking Symmetry Is Speed and Index Dependent. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69461-w"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312445638","article-title":"The Diagnostic Accuracy of Static Posturography in Predicting Accidental Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Prosperini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, R., Hsieh, K.L., and Sosnoff, J.J. (2019). Fall Risk Prediction in Multiple Sclerosis Using Postural Sway Measures: A Machine Learning Approach. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52697-2"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.11.027","article-title":"Quantifying Gait Abnormalities in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis with Minimal Disability","volume":"36","author":"Sosnoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.10.012","article-title":"The Relationship between Fear of Falling to Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by an Instrumented Treadmill in People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Kalron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.009","article-title":"Dynamic Margin of Stability during Gait Is Altered in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Peebles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119211023624","article-title":"Strategies for Maintaining Dynamic Balance in Persons with Neurological Disorders during Overground Walking","volume":"235","author":"Lencioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x","article-title":"Gait Changes in Older Adults: Predictors of Falls or Indicators of Fear","volume":"45","author":"Maki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.08.023","article-title":"Dynamic Balance in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis Who Have a Falls History Is Altered Compared to Non-Fallers and to Healthy Controls","volume":"63","author":"Peebles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.07.034","article-title":"Multi-Sensor Assessment of Dynamic Balance during Gait in Patients with Subacute Stroke","volume":"61","author":"Bergamini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.02.006","article-title":"Gait Stability at Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis Using Different Data Sources","volume":"77","author":"Bruijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221094464","article-title":"Gait Stability Reflects Motor Tracts Damage at Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Strik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.05.013","article-title":"Impaired Local Dynamic Stability during Treadmill Walking Predicts Future Falls in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"67","author":"Tajali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1511-z","article-title":"Gait Variability in Multiple Sclerosis: A Better Falls Predictor than EDSS in Patients with Low Disability","volume":"123","author":"Allali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.06.004","article-title":"A Prospective Evaluation of Balance, Gait, and Strength to Predict Falling in Women with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Kasser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervasoni, E., Anastasi, D., Di Giovanni, R., Solaro, C., Rovaris, M., Brichetto, G., Confalonieri, P., Tacchino, A., Carpinella, I., and Cattaneo, D. (2023). Uncovering Subtle Gait Deterioration in People with Early-Stage Multiple Sclerosis Using Inertial Sensors: A 2-Year Multicenter Longitudinal Study. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229249"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.12.012","article-title":"Gait Variability across the Disability Spectrum in People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"361","author":"Kalron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.1.66","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of Trunk Assessment for People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Verheyden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.04.002","article-title":"One-Leg Stance in Healthy Young and Elderly Adults: A Measure of Postural Steadiness?","volume":"19","author":"Jonsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.12.2.93","article-title":"Gait Initiation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Remelius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mot. Control"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.05.025","article-title":"Balance Control in Multiple Sclerosis: Correlations of Trunk Sway during Stance and Gait Tests with Disease Severity","volume":"37","author":"Corporaal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg-Hansen, P., Moen, S.M., Klyve, T.D., Gonzalez, V., Seeberg, T.M., Celius, E.G., Austeng, A., and Meyer, F. (2023). The Instrumented Single Leg Stance Test Detects Early Balance Impairment in People with Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1227374"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313478484","article-title":"Home-Based Balance Training Using the Wii Balance Board: A Randomized, Crossover Pilot Study in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Prosperini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.05.003","article-title":"The Effect of Vibrotactile Biofeedback of Trunk Sway on Balance Control in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Findling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-60","article-title":"Biofeedback in Rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Giggins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519865740","article-title":"How Do Resistance Training and Balance and Motor Control Training Affect Gait Performance and Fatigue Impact in People with Multiple Sclerosis? A Randomized Controlled Multi-Center Study","volume":"26","author":"Callesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"25","article-title":"Spotlight on Postural Control in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Prosperini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labanca, L., Ghislieri, M., Knaflitz, M., Barone, G., Bragonzoni, L., Agostini, V., and Benedetti, M.G. (2021). Muscle Synergies for the Control of Single-Limb Stance with and without Visual Information in Young Individuals. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00392-z"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0126-6","article-title":"Resistance Training Improves Single Leg Stance Performance in Older Adults","volume":"26","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.08.009","article-title":"A Multiple-Task Gait Analysis Approach: Kinematic, Kinetic and EMG Reference Data for Healthy Young and Adult Subjects","volume":"33","author":"Bovi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper, N.G., Wilken, J.M., and Neptune, R.R. (2018). Muscle Function and Coordination of Stair Ascent. J. Biomech. Eng., 140.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4040772"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.11.001","article-title":"Balance Control during Stair Negotiation in Older Adults","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2881324","article-title":"Instrumental Assessment of Stair Ascent in People with Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke, and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Wearable-Sensor-Based Approach","volume":"26","author":"Carpinella","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105686","article-title":"Investigating the Effects of Core Stability Training on Balance and Gait in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"87","author":"Choobsaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25592","article-title":"Dynamic Control of Posture across Locomotor Tasks","volume":"28","author":"Earhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.02.012","article-title":"Local Dynamic Stability in Turning and Straight-Line Gait","volume":"41","author":"Segal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.03.005","article-title":"Speeding up or Slowing down?: Gait Adaptations to Preserve Gait Stability in Response to Balance Perturbations","volume":"36","author":"Hak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.11.007","article-title":"Dynamic Stability of Human Walking in Visually and Mechanically Destabilizing Environments","volume":"44","author":"McAndrew","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, P., Vuillerme, N., Samani, A., and Madeleine, P. (2021). The Effects of Walking Speed and Mobile Phone Use on the Walking Dynamics of Young Adults. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79584-5"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C., and Park, K. (2024). Dynamic Stability of Human Walking in Response to Sudden Speed Changes. Symmetry, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16010026"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.05.018","article-title":"Altered Visual and Somatosensory Feedback Affects Gait Stability in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Craig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000935","article-title":"Gait Variability and Energy Cost of Oveground Walking in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"97","author":"Bollaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.021","article-title":"The Association between Gait Variability with the Energy Cost of Walking Depends on the Fall Status in People with Multiple Sclerosis without Mobility Aids","volume":"74","author":"Kalron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.021","article-title":"Physical Fitness, Walking Performance, and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"328","author":"Sandroff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0685-2","article-title":"Footfall Placement Variability and Falls in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Socie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104767","article-title":"Impaired Foot Vibration Sensitivity Is Related to Altered Plantar Pressures during Walking in People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"2055217320934835","article-title":"Sensorimotor Function in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Miehm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12557","article-title":"The Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMP) Score: A Promising Tool for Evaluation of Brainstem Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Adamec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1224935","article-title":"An Innovative Training Program Based on Virtual Reality and Treadmill: Effects on Gait of Persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31825e1d31","article-title":"Strength Asymmetry Increases Gait Asymmetry and Variability in Older Women","volume":"44","author":"Laroche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518777377","article-title":"Is There an Overlooked \u201cWindow of Opportunity\u201d in MS Exercise Therapy? Perspectives for Early MS Rehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Riemenschneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6229","DOI":"10.3390\/s140406229","article-title":"A Wearable System for Gait Training in Subjects with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Casamassima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20552076241257054","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241257054","article-title":"Validation of Gait Analysis Using Smartphones: Reliability and Validity","volume":"10","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cudejko, T., Button, K., and Al-Amri, M. (2023). Wireless Pressure Insoles for Measuring Ground Reaction Forces and Trajectories of the Centre of Pressure during Functional Activities. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41622-3"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/22\/7284\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:32:31Z","timestamp":1760113951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/22\/7284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s24227284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24227284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]}}}