{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:03:32Z","timestamp":1791900212058,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314389\/2023-7-PQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314389\/2023-7-PQ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313169\/2023-3-PQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313169\/2023-3-PQ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["407453\/2023-7-Universal"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407453\/2023-7-Universal"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["442176\/2023-6-Pec"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442176\/2023-6-Pec"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Santa Catarina Research and Innovation Foundation (FAPESC)","award":["314389\/2023-7-PQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314389\/2023-7-PQ"]}]},{"name":"Santa Catarina Research and Innovation Foundation (FAPESC)","award":["313169\/2023-3-PQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313169\/2023-3-PQ"]}]},{"name":"Santa Catarina Research and Innovation Foundation (FAPESC)","award":["407453\/2023-7-Universal"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407453\/2023-7-Universal"]}]},{"name":"Santa Catarina Research and Innovation Foundation (FAPESC)","award":["442176\/2023-6-Pec"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442176\/2023-6-Pec"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Engine fault diagnosis is a critical task in automotive aftermarket management. Developing appropriate fault-labeled datasets can be challenging due to nonlinearity variations and divergence in feature distribution among different engine kinds or operating scenarios. To solve this task, this study experimentally measures audio emission signals from compression ignition engines in different vehicles, simulating injector failures, intake hose failures, and absence of failures. Based on these faults, a hybrid approach is applied to classify different conditions that help the planning and decision-making of the automobile industry. The proposed hybrid approach combines the wavelet packet transform (WPT), Markov blanket feature selection, random convolutional kernel transform (ROCKET), tree-structured Parzen estimator (TPE) for hyperparameters tuning, and ten machine learning (ML) classifiers, such as ridge regression, quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), extra trees (ET), gradient boosting machine (GBM), and LightGBM. The audio data are broken down into sub-time series with various frequencies and resolutions using the WPT. These data are subsequently utilized as input for obtaining an informative feature subset using a Markov blanket-based selection method. This feature subset is then fed into the ROCKET method, which is paired with ML classifiers, and tuned using Optuna using the TPE approach. The generalization performance applying the proposed hybrid approach outperforms other standard ML classifiers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T09:30:25Z","timestamp":1732008625000},"page":"7316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Audio-Based Engine Fault Diagnosis with Wavelet, Markov Blanket, ROCKET, and Optimized Machine Learning Classifiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Bernardo Luis","family":"Tuleski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba 80242-980, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Robert Bosch Ltda, Av. Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, 11800, Cidade Industrial, Curitiba 80242-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Keiko","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Productive Systems in Association with UNIPLAC, UNC, UNESC, and UNIVILLE, Lages 88509-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano Frizzo","family":"Stefenon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Productive Systems in Association with UNIPLAC, UNC, UNESC, and UNIVILLE, Lages 88509-900, SC, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80242-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5728-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro dos Santos","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80242-980, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80242-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-4568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana Cocco","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80242-980, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80242-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Care, A. 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